Drawing on your Mulvey and Neale readings, as well as Tasker's Essay - 2

Drawing on your Mulvey and Neale readings, just as Tasker's conversation, break down the portrayal of manliness in one of - Essay Example As clear in the film, manliness has both physical and mental control over gentility. As per Carroll, John McLane in the Die Hard arrangement is a prime case of this: ‘studies in the film field give explicit consideration to the Herculean physical exhibitions and astounding body appearances of featuring characters’ (Carroll, 2003, p. 54). In spite of the fact that champions assume significant jobs in numerous effective movies, the greater part of these female characters are known uniquely according to the male legend. This is to some extent because of male mastery in our general public. This paper will examine the portrayal of manliness in Die Hard 2. This examination will join a study from crafted by Mulvey (1975), Neale (1983) and Tasker (2004). Fanatic 2 spotlights on the account of a New York cop, John McLane. The initial scene is determined to Christmas Eve, when McLane visits his far off spouse, who lives in Los Angeles (Gates 2006, p. 35). McLane has what Rzepka an d Horsley (2010, p. 89) term as ‘unresolved issues’. It is a result of these issues that McLane isn't on acceptable standing with his better half. Upon McLane’s appearance, he discovers his isolated spouse at an office Christmas celebration; in any case, assumed political fear based oppressors attack the structure. The film at that point depicts the brave demonstrations of John McLane with the goal that he can spare his better half from the fear mongers. In Die Hard 2, as in many activity motion pictures, manly characters are depicted with virile physical ability and social strength. Another significant part of manly legends is their inordinate animosity. Earlier investigations concerning Hollywood’s introduction of male kinds have portrayed Die Hard 2 as a male-driven activity film, with the ‘presentation of the lead legend as a macho man’ (Milestone and Meyer 2012, p. 50). This is expected to McLane’s fabulous capacity to wrestle his adversaries, which is a quality of the legend in male-driven movies. Truth be told, Carroll (2003, p. 79) remarks that the ‘physical manliness of an activity saint gives a particular tone for the activity narrative’. It ought to be noticed that the crowd acknowledges chivalry fron male characters in filmst whil, female courage is less adequate to film audiences (Le Guin, 1993, p. 5). This is a direct result of the thought that guys are genuinely and intellectually more grounded than females. Rzepka and Horsley (2010, p. 61) characterize manliness in film as ‘an conclusion that a producer means to convey that includes physical ability, sexual virility and aggression’. Entryways (2006), Bould (2005) and Berg (2002) all help this thought in some structure or another. Doors (2006, p. 58) contends that Die Hard 2 spotlights on genuineness; the way that McLane is shown as a legend ‘forms an essential element of a film’s visual effects’. Then again, Bould (2005, p. 59) states that writing on activity legends talks about the body above sexuality, race, class and nationality. In an alternate way, Berg (2002, p. 80) accepts that pundits to a great extent hailed the Die Hard arrangement due to ‘John McLane’s capacity to withstand physical attacks regardless of his age’. Along these lines, the physical appearance of the saint assumes a significant job in drawing in crowds to activity situated movies, for example, Die Hard 2. To demonstrate this point, envision if Rowan Atkinson were to assume the legend job in the film. While he is broadly acknowledged among general society as an entertainer, he has never been appeared as a genuine activity or sentimental legend. This is most likely because of the more fragile physical make-up of Atkinson contrasted with that of average activity saints. One thing that can't be contended against is

Ethics Business Exam Essay

Characterize â€Å"ethics† as portrayed in our course reading: Ethics alludes to our endeavors to make sense of what we ought to do and how we should live. It includes the test of making sense of how to legitimize our conduct both to ourselves as well as other people. 3 Who are the most significant partners in the accompanying models in our course book? 1. Tylenol : Doctors, medical attendants, moms, fathers and youngsters. 2. Novo Nordisk : People with diabetes 3. GE Healthcare in India: Heath care suppliers 4. Merck: Members of society and to give great to individuals deprived the world over. . A worker is blamed for modifying a company’s money related records. After addressing, the representative shouts that he was just after the supervisor’s orders. The worker is utilizing which support for his dishonest conduct? Separating from duty 5. What are the 3 different ways to maintain a strategic distance from justifications? First the generalizability test; which s tates to settle on comparable choice when defied with comparative issues. Next the exposure test; this test expects to ensure one can safeguard their explanation, essentially is it just and would it be able to be shielded. The last test is the reversibility test; this proposes placing one in another’s shoes. Do onto others as you would have done to you. 6. What are the 3 Decision Guidelines named in the course reading? 1. Abandoned to direct 2. From uprightness morals to character and connections 3. Purposes and results 9. What are the 3 Levels of the Stakeholder Framework? 1. Incentive of the association 2. Standards of partner collaboration 3. Regard for cultural standers of direct. 10. For the situation concentrate about Merck, for what infection would they say they were approached to give prescription? Waterway visual deficiency 1. What are Kohlberg’s 6 Stages of Moral Development? 1. Pre-convectional †Punishment and submission †singular instrument reason and trade. 2. Convectional †common Interpersonal desires and connections similarity †peace direction 3. Post-convectional †earlier rights Social contact, utility †all inclusive moral standards 14. Valid or False: According to the Stakeholder Framework, the worries of Shareholders are not significant. Bogus: But they ought to have a strong and solid explanation when they decide not to address a partner 15. Valid or False: Bribery is worthy while participating in business in another nation where it is generally drilled. Bogus: pay off is an inadmissible practice 16. Name 4 of DeGeorge’s 10 Principles for Cross Cultural Management. 1. Do no purposeful mischief. 2. Produce more great than hurt for have. 3. Add to have improvement. 4. Regard human privileges of representatives. 17. In the video of ‘The Office†, what are 5 moral issues depicted? 1) Getting rebate on paper for sexual acts. 2) Upper level administration neglected explanation behind markdown paper 3) Stealing organization time. ) Office supervisor brushed off morals preparing program. 5) Giving insusceptibility and repudiating it after the gathering is a morals issue. 18. Valid or False: Enron was in the frozen custard business. Bogus: they sold vitality. 19. What is the contrast among essential and optional partners? Essential partners are individuals and gatherings generally influenced by the result of the business activities. Worth chain and definitional partners. Optional partners are people or gatherings not straightforwardly influenced by the result of business tasks. Instrumental partners.

the INCOMPLETE email mystery COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

the INCOMPLETE email mystery COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog If you submitted your application for the January 5th   (January 20th for MPA-DP) deadline, but sent pieces of your application by snail mail or by email, and your application status still states incomplete; rest assured if all pieces of your application were either submitted electronically or postmarked by the fellowship consideration deadline you will still be eligible for funding consideration. If you have received an email notification stating that items may have not been received and your file is not complete.   Please do not panic!   This message is system generated so we request that you review your online SIPA application and drop us a quick email (sipa_admission@columbia.edu) if you believe you received this message in error (please put your name and the word incomplete in the subject line).     In many cases, your submitted materials are in our possession but still need to be processed and it will just be a matter of time for your record to be updated.     In other situations, your materials did not reach our office so     monitoring your application status is always a wise thing to do.   We will work with you to resolve these issues but we do request your patience. Looking forward to processing your applications!

Erik Erikson And Jean Piaget s Theories Essay - 1291 Words

Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget are quite similar in their theories. Jean Piaget’s cognitive theory is only slightly different than Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory. Both theorists use the idea of developmental stages. Although the stages vary in what they entail, the carry the same idea of progressive development. Jean Piaget was born September 16, 1980, in Switzerland. His research found â€Å"that the growth of knowledge is a progressive construction of logically embedded structures superseding one another by a process of inclusion of lower less powerful logical means into higher and more powerful ones up to adulthood. Therefore, children s logic and modes of thinking are initially entirely different from those of adults† (Smith, 2000). On the other hand, there’s the theory of Erikson, born in Germany in 1902. His theory saying, â€Å"Developmental progression — from trust to autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, and i ntegrity — was conceived as the sequential reorganization of ego and character structures. Each phase was the potential root of later health and pathology. By focusing on the social as well as the psychological, Erikson’s stages represented a quantum leap in Freudian thought, which had emphasized the psychosexual nature of development† (EI, 2013). Both theories are equally interesting. Although only slightly different, they both advocate for the nurture side of nature versus nurture debate. â€Å"Before Piaget’s work, the common assumption inShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Eriksons Theory On Early Childhood Education1212 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Jean Piaget once asked, â€Å"Are we forming children who are only capable of learning what is already known?† With there being so many theoriest whose research and ideas have made an impact on early childhood education. Knowing the teoriests and the ideas that they had is vital in the education profession. Erik Erikson Hope is both the earliest and the most indispensable virtue inherent in the state of being alive. If life is to be sustained hope must remain, even where confidenceRead MoreThe Theory Of Human Development Theory1642 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopment theories are theories intended to account for how and why people become, as they are. These theories provide the framework to clarify and organize existing observations and to try to explain and predict human behavior. It is important to recognize the complexity of human development and the theories that explain human development. (Berger, pg. 23). The three theories that have influenced by development are Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Theory, Abraham Maslow’s Humanism and Erik Erikson’s PsychosocialRead MoreCognitive Development And Erik Erikson s 8 Stages Of Psychosocial Development1788 Words   |  8 Pages Jean Piaget’s 4 stages of Cognitive Development and Erik Erikson’s 8 stages of Psyc hosocial Development Developmental is understood as the act or process of developing; progress such as child developmental. When children go through the process of developing, they all develop the same regardless of what state or country there from. The way children develop has been studied by two psychologists’ name Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson and they both develop a theory of how children developRead MoreJean Piaget And Erik Erikson Essay1187 Words   |  5 Pagesdealing with children in a school setting. Both Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson were great Theorists, that works help us understand children’s thought processes and skill sets. Teachers are interacting with their students based on developmental and skill age-appropriateness, while incorporating foundations of theorist teachings. A child-theorist’s research can provide an understanding of how and why children behave, as well as how they process information. Erik Erickson’s 8 Stages of Development providedRead MorePia get Of The Child : Theories Of Development Essay960 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Study of the Child: Theories of Development I† (Learning Seed, 1997), according to Vygotsky, the cognitive development in children is in direct relationship, and dependent on interaction with others. (Feldman 2010, pg. 20). Vygotsky believed to truly understand cognitive development; a child’s social and cultural experiences must be considered. Piaget believes theorists that focus on the mind are called cognitive theorists. Piaget was most interested in how children think. Piaget describes stagesRead MoreCognitive Control And Social Control Essay897 Words   |  4 PagesBurnett, Blakemore, S. J., 2008). There are two major aspects when it comes to adolescence: cognitive control and social control. The cognitive control focuses more on supervisory functions such as our working memory, decision making, self-consciousness, and attention distribution; while, the social control supports the individual being more sociable, forming more complex relationships and becoming more sensitive to acceptance and rejection by others (Steinberg, L. Morris, A. S., 2001). The adolescenceRead MorePsychology : The Influential Bunch1184 Words   |  5 Pagesfor taking his theory of behaviorism and applying it to child development. Watson is famous for saying that he could take a dozen healthy infants and train any one of them to become any ty pe of specialist he might select (Watson E. 1999). He believed that you can expose the child to certain environmental forces and overtime conditioned that child to become whatever type of person you want. Erik Erikson is known for developing the eight psychological stages of human development. Erikson assumes thatRead MoreTheories Of Sigmund Freud And Jean Piaget1420 Words   |  6 PagesDevelopmental Theories Through Our Own Eyes Worldwide there are no two individuals who are identical in behavior or developmental traits. For many reasons, people differ physically, mentally, and emotionally. Through time, behavior has been studied developing into various theories by breaking down personality in hopes to better understand an individual’s way of conducting. To further understand how development works we will be exploring and comparing the psychological theories of three well-knownRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology2134 Words   |  9 Pageson effect adult personality and behavior. Erik erikson Erik Erikson’s theory was greatly influenced by Sigmund freuds theory, following Sigmund freuds theory to do with the structure of personalities, but freud was an id psychologist, erk erikson was an ego psychologist. erikson highlighted the part of culture and society and also the battles that happen with the ego, but Freud stressed the battle between the superego and the id. Apparently Erikson reported that the ego grows as it positivelyRead MoreChild’s Play is Serious Business Essay1611 Words   |  7 Pagestool for adult life. Three theorists that studied children and spent their lives researching how children develop were Erik Erikson, Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. These theorists agreed that from the time a child is two years old, play, communication, and social development set the foundations for their future. These psychologists each have agreeable theories and each had theories that have been challenged by modern day researchers. Play, culture, and society were placed in a different order of

European Colonists and Africans - 1018 Words

European colonists at the time had an extreme sense of racial superiority over the Africans who were perceived to be â€Å"savage† and â€Å"uncivilized.† According to the English poet Rudyard Kipling in his poem the â€Å"White Man’s Burden,† it was the moral duty and obligation to civilize and educate â€Å"Your [the Europeans’] new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child.† This poem served as justification for the actions of the European colonists in Africa. Although, the common person may have thought civilizing was occurring, realistically that was not the case. Africans were being abused, sold into slavery, and stripped of their cultural norms by the colonists’ religion, Christianity. With constant pressures from Europe, Africa was unable to develop because of population loss, new dependence on European imports as opposed to domestic production, and warfare that was created as a result of European colonists establishing superimposed boundaries between nations. These boundaries disregarded relations between various African ethnic groups and therefore resulted in warfare because conflicting ethnic groups were often included same nation. Because of the constant instability between ethnic groups, development was hindered the majority of the nation was constantly using its available resources towards war rather than development. Furthermore, with the lack of resources being allocated towards development the African nations would fall behind the rest of the European and North AmericanShow MoreRelatedPostcolonialism And Colonialism In Joseph Conrads Heart Of Darkness1222 Words   |  5 Pageshis journey into the African Congo to meet Mr. Kurtz, an enigmatic and idealistic man. During his journey deeper into the jungle, Marlow witnesses various atrocities committed by his fellow colonists against the Native Africans. In Heart of Darkness, the noble and romantic cause of bringing civilization and progress to the darkness at the heart of Africa is corrupted into an oppressive occupation and brings to light the evils of colonialism and imperialism. The Native Africans are very often describedRead MoreThe Longstanding Institution of Slavery in the United States Essay670 Words   |  3 Pagesdecline of indentured servants, the Europeans looked elsewhere for laborers. It is then, within the British colonies, do the colonists turn to the enslavement of Africans. Although Native Americans were readily available and were initially numerous, Africans became the primary slave used in the colonies because the Native American slaves could not fill the colonists labor needs, while the Africans did. Before the subsequent enslavement of Africans, the Europeans, or the English specifically, triedRead MoreBroader Impact Of Colonization On African Continent Essay1292 Words   |  6 Pagescolonization on African Continent According to the dictionary, colonialism may be defined as the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupy it settlers, and exploit it economically. Colonialism between the 1870s and 1900s had a massive impact on African communities. Therefore, I am studying effect of colonialism because I want to find out its impacts in order to understand the transformation it brought to the African continent basedRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Imperialism884 Words   |  4 Pagesexpand their empire. New imperialism has the same idea, but it would have started in the 1870’s and the motive to continue this practice was heavily economic. Imperial powers will expand their empire for many different reasons, the victims or the colonist will make an attempt to counter their actions, but to their own prevail not be very successful. The actions performed by the imperialists during this time will create many negative impacts that are still seen today. Imperialists had four goalsRead MoreHeart of Darkness: Futility of European Presence in Africa1045 Words   |  5 PagesDarkness: Futility of European Presence in Africa Joseph Conrad s Heart of Darkness is both a dramatic tale of an arduous trek into the Belgian Congo at the turn of the twentieth century and a symbolic journey into the deepest recesses of human nature. On a literal level, through Marlow s narration, Conrad provides a searing indictment of European colonial exploitation inflicted upon African natives. By employing several allegoric symbols this account depicts the futility of the European presence in AfricaRead MoreConsequences Of European Colonization1112 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the 16th and 17th centuries, when the Europeans started to make their way to the new world, they discovered a society that was strikingly different to their own. In the late 1800’s, the rare Native Americans that were left in the United States were practically extinguished. Many diverse things contributed to their near-extinction, some were considered intentional and some unintentional. Some tribes made the decision to go willingly, and some deci ded to fight to their death but in the end,Read MoreEuropean Colonization Effects1222 Words   |  5 PagesIn the past, European countries came to the Americas looking to build their empire and gain power. They were competing to be the most powerful country and improve their economic lives. In the drive to be the most powerful European country, they started colonizing the Americas. The effects of colonization were reflected in different groups of people. Some effects were bad and some ere good. There are different perspectives about colonization. Some people think that the colonization was a great eventRead MoreThe New World During The 19th Century Essay1607 Words   |  7 Pageswhich the Europeans believed they could control to gain wealth and power. The manpower used to construct the European settlements included certain forms of coerced and forced labor, which included white indentured servants, Native Americans and African slaves. Native Americans would resist often with fier ce aggression against the white settlers and indentured servitude would diminish after wealthy colonists succeeded in breaking ties between white and black laborers. The English colonists would needRead MoreThe European Nations Used The Term `` Civilizing Mission `` By Joseph Conrad1050 Words   |  5 PagesThe European nations used the term â€Å"civilizing mission† to convince people to support the exploration of the unknown parts of the African continent. Europeans believed that Africans were uncivilized, lacked Enlightenment, and needed European progress. In the eyes of the people, this colonization was supposed to moralize the indigenous people into their idea of civilization, but this was not the case. In the late nineteenth century, Europe’s â€Å"civilizing mission† was never civilized because the focusRead MoreThe System Of Institutionalized Slavery During The Virginia And South Carolina Colonies849 Words   |  4 Pagescompetition, and a difference i n power. The enslavement of Africans during the 1600-1700 s is a prime example of what happens when all three requirements are fulfilled. Slavery of course did exist before its institutionalization in the colonial era. Before the Native Americans and Africans, there were still indentured servants and people who fell victim to power struggles and war. However, the significance and what separates the colonists slaves from the indentured servants is the factor of race

The Powers of the Prime Minister Free Essays

string(58) " as he will not be able to exercise his role effectively\." Introduction The purpose of this essay is to describe and discuss the powers of the British Prime Minister and which implications arise from his position for the government and politics. This essay will consist of three parts. In the first part the main powers of the Prime Minister (PM), currently David Cameron, will be considered. We will write a custom essay sample on The Powers of the Prime Minister or any similar topic only for you Order Now These include his tasks as head of government, the right to select his cabinet and to dismiss ministers, to represent the country abroad and more functions, which will be explained in more detail below. In the second part the limits of his powers will be illustrated and how effective they are. These will lead to the third section, where it will be discussed whether the Prime Minister is too powerful. The focus will be especially on the argument whether Britain has a more prime ministerial government rather than a Cabinet government. Furthermore a comparison with the powers of the German chancellor is made, and it will be reviewed if the organisation of the office of German Chancellor is a better manner to regulate the powers of the PM. Lastly, it is discussed which reforms are possible to reduce the Prime Minister’s powers. The Roles of the Prime Minister As head of the UK government, the PM is probably the most influential person in British politics. To the present day 52 men and one woman have passed through the doors of Number 10 Downing Street as British Prime Minister. The office of the PM is the creation of convention, and the role and the powers conferred on him still depend mainly on convention and political circumstances. His powers are not defined in legislation, instead they evolved as a matter of political expediency and historically evolution. Moreover, it now appears to be a firm convention that the Prime Minister should be a member of the House of Commons. Most of the powers to be discussed derive from the royal prerogative.The royal prerogative is supposed to give the Monarch substantial power as the Head of State. However, the prerogative powers should be understood „not as personal discretionary powers of the Monarchâ€Å", but as „clearly circumscribed constitutional duties to be carried out on the advice of the PM. He is the principal government figure in the House of Commons and has a general authority to intervene in any sphere of government. The Prime Minister controls the central government apparatus in that he decides how the tasks of government should be allocated to departments and whether departments should be created, amalgamated or abolished. Furthermore it is the PM who appoints the members of the Cabinet and „sets the paceâ€Å" of Cabinet activity. He may ask ministers to resign, recommend the Queen to dismiss them or, with their consent, move them to other offices. Lord Atlee has said that an important quality in a Premier is the capacity to dismiss inadequate ministers. The Prime Minister is able to control Cabinet discussions and the process of decision-making by setting the order of business, and may name one of the Cabinet to be Deputy Prime Minister, or first Secretary of State. Therefore the power of appointment is one of the chief ways a Prime Minister keeps his cont rol over his party. By controlling influential committees, the PM can also ensure that he drives the policies of these committees. Accordingly, it can be said that the Prime Minister is in a position to exercise a dominant influence over the Cabinet, having powers that other ministers do not have. The PM customarily holds the titular position of First Lord of the Treasury. His approval is also required for the appointment of the most senior civil servants and important Crown appointments are filled on his nomination, for example, high-ranking members of the Church of England and senior judges. Furthermore, he also has control over the Cabinet Office. The PM, in addition, retains other patronage powers. He still advises the Queen on new peerages, on appointments to the Privy Council and the grant of honours. The Prime Minister’s Office supports him in his role as head of government. This includes providing policy advice and ensuring effective communications to Parliament and the public. Most Prime Ministers must take a special interest in foreign affairs, the economy and defence. The Queen is Britain’s head of state, but the PM is Britain’s de facto representative abroad. He often takes a leading role in foreign relations, dealing directly with other heads of government, and is also likely to take the lead on major issues as the national and international response to the crisis in Libya. Another function of the PM is that he is also in a position to dominate if not control the government’s communication to the press, and to disclose information about government decisions and the Cabinet business. He has regular meetings with the Queen and is responsible for keeping the Queen informed of the Cabinet’s handling of affairs. As has become clear above, the PM is involved in all aspects of government in a way that no other government official is, and thus it is safe to say that, despite the limits on his power (see below), the PM can be considered the most influential person in politics. Limits of his power Despite the Prime Minister’s emerged position within British politics there are limits to his powers. Firstly, one great limit comes from the party he represents. If the PM loses the support from his party’s backbenchers, his position becomes very fragile. Therefore the biggest danger is that a Prime Minister builds up a range of enemies. One example for that is what happened to Margaret Thatcher, when another minister, who disagreed with her policies, put an effective revolt against her style of leadership, which led to her resignation. This means that if the PM loses the support of his party, he will almost always have to resign as PM, as he will not be able to exercise his role effectively. You read "The Powers of the Prime Minister" in category "Essay examples" Moreover, all Prime Ministers must include most senior party colleagues in the Cabinet, who could always be some troublemakers, if they don’t get the position they would like to have. The PM’s powers of appointment are also limited by the need to provide a balance of party views in the Cabinet. Therefore an authoritative leadership of the party is a main factor for a PM to be successful. Additionally there are other ways in which the PM’s powers are limited. For instance the fact that he is seen to be publicly responsible for any major mishap that occurs during his time in power. As the most known member of the government, it is he that the public blame when they aren’t satisfied with politics. Margaret Thatcher was held responsible for the problems in association with the Poll Tax and Tony Blair has been accused of being too friendly with the USA’ President Bush. This means that the electorate body has the power to remove the PM by way of elections, and so the PM is indirectly also controlled in this way. This is referred to as indirect as the body can not directly stop any decisions the PM makes, but can stop him from continuing in the office of PM when general elections take place by voting for another party. As another limitation can be seen the questioning time on Wednesday, which is an opportunity for the leader of the opposition and other members of the House of Commons to ask the PM supplementary questions on any subject. Therefore he is directly accountable to the Parliament for his actions and decisions. However, the PM will be extensively briefed by government departments in anticipation of likely subjects he could be asked about and they cannot force him to change his engagements. Additionally the European Union has the power to influence government policy by imposing on member states’ policies. Even though the Conservatives have generally not been very happy with this imposition on the British State, David Cameron still accepted when he became PM that the UK is part of the EU, and that therefore, it has to adhere to certain decisions. He, as PM, had to compromise on this point for him to effectively lead the country. Although the courts have long had the power to determine the existence and extent of a prerogative power, traditionally they have had no power to regulate the manner of its exercise. The position is now governed by the decision of the House of Lords in CCSU v Minister of State for Civil Service (1985). The judiciary placed some restraints on executive use of the royal prerogative. But not every prerogative power is justiciable: matters such as the appointment of Ministers, the disposition of the armed force and the dissolution of Parliament are still beyond judicial control.The justiciability of the prerogative powers could in theory have been a powerful limit on the PM’s powers. However, in practice it has shown this was not so, as only limited part of the prerogative powers is in fact justiciable and that there are limits to what extent remedies are available. Also, this limit does not prevent or deter the PM on acting in a particular way, it will only compensate certain gro ups or people after an event has occurred, and so does not even directly affect the PM. As seen above the Prime Minister has big political powers, but this power is also balanced by the fact that there are limitations to that power. Although some of these limitations are really effective, most of the powers of the PM can not easily be influenced. Is the Prime Minister too powerful? In the last 40 years the powers of the Prime Minister within the British political structure have developed to such an extent that some critical politicians and academics now refer to Britain as having a Prime Ministerial government rather than a Cabinet government. He is the „keystone of the Cabinet archâ€Å", occupying a position which is one of the exceptional and peculiar authority. In essence this means that the office of PM is very much attached to the person by which is meant that the individual PM has a discretion in which way to exercise his powers. If the PM is very popular than the limits given above will have very little effect as most of them are heavily dependent on the dislike of and disagreement with the PM and his politics. Recently, more emphasis has been placed on the role of the Prime Minister and less on the Cabinet itself and therefore it is argued that the description of British government simply as „Cabinet governmentâ€Å" had become misleading, for „the country is governed by the Prime Ministerâ€Å". The PM has three main functions, which give him his enormous powers within the British government: being able to appoint and dismiss ministers; by setting the agenda for Cabinet discussions, and by controlling the remit and membership of Cabinet committees. Certainly the way in which these powers are operated naturally differs from one PM to another. This is an immense concentration of power in the hands of the Prime Minister, particularly discharging is one of his ultimate weapons. The argument of prime ministerial dominance seemed to be confirmed by the premiership of Margaret Thatcher. By displacing some important decision-making to informal, ad hoc groups of ministers convened by herself she diminished the role of Cabinet and demonstrated the dominant authority that can be wielded by a PM. As evidence of strengthened prime ministerial control under Mr Blair can be also cited paragraph 9.2 of the Ministerial Code: In order to ensure the effective presentation of government policy, all major interviews and media appearances should be agreed with the No 10 Press Office before any commitments are entered into(†¦). As explained above, therefore the PM is in a position to dominate the government’s communication to the press. Another claim of his overwhelming power is that Cabinet meetings are too dominated by the PM. The members of the Cabinet are simply ‘yes-sayers’. „With Mr Tony Blair there has been a reversion to a „command and controlâ€Å" premiership with centralised and informal processes of decision-making tending to displace collective discussions in Cabinet and Cabinet committeesâ€Å". Also the doctrine of collective responsibility helps to strengthen the powers of the Prime Minister, as ministers must not criticise government policy in public. This is underlined by the fact that many decisions of government are not taken by the Cabinet as a whole, but by the Prime Minister in consultation with a few key colleagues. Moreover, there are those who believe that the personality of the Prime Minister is now almost as important as stated party policies. But the implication is that if people vote for personalities as much as issues, then the opponent has no chance of winning the next election as long as the current PM’s personality and manner are still popular with the people. All these facts have led some to seek ways to limit or control the power of the PM in order to rehabilitate the Cabinet government. Thus far, it has been established that the PM has great amounts of power and that it seems that Britain currently has a more prime ministerial government than a Cabinet government. However, to demonstrate whether the PM can be considered as too powerful, it would be best to compare his function with that of the German Federal Chancellor, who has the equivalent role in Germany. Even though the legal foundations of the political systems of the United Kingdom and Germany are very different, the roles of the PM and the Chancellor are in many ways very similar, and so this comparison would be a good way to show how powerful the PM actually is, and whether that could be considered as being too powerful. The German Chancellor is the head of government. Currently this position is held by Angela Merkel of the CDU. The Chancellor determines the guidelines of government policy, so called Richtlinienkompetenz. He is elected every four years by a majority of the members of the Bundestag upon the recommendation of the President. For this election a majority of all elected members of the Bundestag is required, which should ensure to establish a stable government. The Chancellor has the power to choose his ministers and to determines the number of ministries and their responsibilities. Another power is that the Chancellor himself can propose a vote of no confidence.Therefore he can test whether he still enjoys the unlimited support of the governing parties. The powers of the German Chancellor are also limited. Removing the Chancellor from office is an alternative when there is no more political consensus between the parties before a general elections for a new Bundestag.In the German history there have been only three occasions where this happened. This course of action was taken in order to prematurely dissolve the Bundestag, which according to the constitution is otherwise not possible. This ensures that no single party can form a government on its own. Furthermore limitations can be given from decisions of the Federal Constitutional court: It allows the authority and the citizens to present a complaint to abolish a law they found infringing the terms set in Basic Rights. In comparison to the Prime Minister the power to appoint members of high authority, legalise acts and dissolve parliament is vested in the German Bundesprasident. The fifty-year history of the Federal Republic has shown that despite the Chancellor’s strong position the ability of the government to act cannot be guaranteed by him alone. Even though the Chancellery makes it possible to impose central management and coordination, a non-hierarchical relationship between the Chancellor and his Ministers plays an important role in government practice. In this context the Cabinet deals with important interministerial issues such as the federal budget or tax reform and takes joint decisions on them (â€Å"principle of joint Cabinet decision-making†). In a government coalition the Chancellor is also bound by the terms of the coalition agreement and has to adhere to these terms to avoid straining the coalition. The â€Å"principle of joint Cabinet decision-making† means that the Chancellor and the Ministers decide jointly on matters of general political importance. When there are differences of opinion between Ministers the Chancellor mediates (as a â€Å"primus inter pares†). Cabinet decisions are based on majority rule. The â€Å"principle of ministerial autonomy† means that each Minister conducts the affairs of his ministry independently and on his own responsibility. This means that the Chancellor cannot automatically intervene in his Ministers’ areas of responsibility. At the same time Ministers must see to it that the decisions they take remain within the limits. As can be seen by this comparison the British PM and the Chancellor in theory have very similar powers, but in practice the PM has a lot more power than the Chancellor as he has more discretion about the execution of these powers. However, before one can say that this means he is too powerful, the effectiveness of the functions of Prime Minister and Chancellor have to be compared. In fact, in the six decades of the Bundestag, there have been only eight Chancellors – a remarkable element of stability. In the same period of time, Britain has had 14 Prime Ministers. In the British parliamentary system usually only has one party in power, because the first-past-the-post system there favours the strongest party. There have only been a few hung parliaments. The latest elections resulted in this, and currently the UK has a coalition government, existing out of the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats. In May there will be a referendum to change the voting system, and if the voting system as a consequence of this is in fact changed to one of additional voting, then this might all change. Since Germany has a system of proportional representation for the election of its lower house, no one party has ever had a clear majority in the last 60 years, and for this reason all German governments have been coalitions. Finally, there is the question, which reforms of the PM’s position are could be made, and what their advantages and disadvantages would be. One way of reform would be the limit of the PM’s power to a greater extent to prevent the role of PM to be so attached to the person, and instead to be more like the German Chancellor’s position, whose powers are more controlled by the political process. The House of Commons Public Administration Select Committee recommended that the government should initiate a public consultation about Minister’s executive powers, which would include proposals for legislation to provide for greater parliamentary control over all such ministerial powers. Furthermore, changing the way in which Cabinet meetings and decisions are made would be helpful in a similar way. The PM would still lead the Cabinet, but could not unilaterally ignore their opinions and views and would be forced to take them into account. In addition, by giving the PM perhaps also a more mediating role rather than just a leading role, the resources of various departments would come to better use. The PM would by supporting the other ministers in their responsibilities and by organising better co-operation between the different ministerial departments achieve better results. The better these departments function with each other, the less dependent they would be on the PM, and in that way his power would be limited. In my opinion the rules regarding the operation of parliament and its processes should be clearer as they would provide for another method of limiting the PM’s power. It can also be argued that the entire office of the PM should codified in a statute. The move away from an unwritten constitution – with statutory provisions – limits the PM’s scope,for example an Act of Parliament which states that there has to be a PM, how and who should be appointed for the role, and what the powers attached to this position would be. Lastly, the changing of the voting system might lead to far reaching consequences for the office of PM, as explained above. However, at this point, this is all theory as the referendum still has to take place, and even if it takes place, it might show people do not wish a change in the voting system. Even if it does, the politicians will still first have to act on this before anything changes. As this should make clear there are ways in which the position of the Prime Minister can be reformed in a way that will limit his power to the extent that he is no longer too powerful, but still powerful enough to carry out his function in an appropriate way. Conclusion The British Prime Minister has extensive personal power, which prevent there from being an „averageâ€Å" Prime Minister. The power of the PM will change according to the personality of the PM, his popularity, the success of his government, external circumstances and the resources of other actors within the core executive.James Barber argued that by putting the three factors together – constitutional and political frameworks, circumstance and personality – the picture that emerges is one of fluctuating powers, whereby sometimes a PM may appear to have presidential-like position, and at others he is subject to obvious constraints. All these things will have an important effect on how powerful the PM is. As written above, there are some possibilities in which way his power can be reduced and more controlled, and in that way to achieve a â€Å"Cabinet government† rather than a prime ministerial government. The PM should not be a presidential figure, but able to lead the Cabinet and ensure that decisions are made. Bibliography Books: Bogdanor, Vernon _The New British Constitution, 2009 The British Constitution in the Twentieth Century, 2004_____Bradley, A. W. / Ewing, K. D._Constitutional Administrative Law, 15th ed. 2010__Brazier, Rodney_Constitutional Texts – Materials on Government and the Constitution, 1990 Constitutional Reform – Reshaping the British political system __Hilaire, Barnett_Constitutional Administrativ Law, 6th ed.__Loveland, Ian_Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, and Human Rights – A critical introduction, 2006. __Maurer/ Hartmut_Staatsrecht I – Grundlagen, Verfassungsorgane, Staatsfunktionen, 3th ed__Oliver, Dawn_Government in the United Kingdom, 1991__Parpworth, Neil_Constitutional and Administrative Law, 5th ed. 2008__Turpin, Colin / Tomkins, Adam_British Government and the Constitution, 6th ed. 2007__ Articles: Benn, article in Parliamentary Affairs, 1990. Theakston / Kevin – Prime Ministers and the Constitution, in Parliamentary Affairs, Vol. 58 No.1, 2005, 17-37. Heffernan, article in Parliamentary Affairs, 2005. Hennessy, article in Parliamnetary Affairs, 2005 How to cite The Powers of the Prime Minister, Essay examples

Emo - Subculture free essay sample

A subculture is a small cultural group within a larger group such as society. Subcultures can be hidden or distinct; they often have norms, values, beliefs and interests that make them different from those of the larger culture. A large number of different subcultures can be found today in the united States, and the one that were going to get more familiar with is known as MEMO. At first Memo was only considered as a music genre, a style of rock music. But throughout the years as Memo music gained a lot of success, especially with teenagers.Today we look at it as a lifestyle subculture that unifies music, fashion, behavior, style and many more. Were first going to talk about the origins of the memo subculture in the united States then well talk about the effect that it has on teenagers and finally well talked the general worldview of this group. First of all, its necessary to know that the most important part of the memo lifestyle is its music. It first started in the mid-sasss as a hardcore punk music movement in Washington D. C. Memo is a short term for emotional hardcore or mocker. Throughout the years as soon as popularity carne, memo style began change.It went from punk rock to pop punk to Indies rock. In the sasss a couple of independent records label began to specialize in this new style as they saw a possible success in memo music. After that memo gained way more popularity and thats when it became a fashion trend. Then in the early 200(Yes, an memo rock band named Jimmy Eat World went on to sign a contract with Trademarks Records to be one of the first memo bands to go mainstream and platinum. After that, more bands such as Dashboard Confessional or Save The Day followed the footsteps of Jimmy Eat World.The memo music is mainly designed to me highly dramatic, it also creates a arsenal relationship between fans and artists. The values expressed through the memo music are emotional topics such as nostalgia, brokenhearted, hope, depression, self-hatred, anger, love, loneliness, sadness, suffering and many more. Undoubtedly music is the main and more important part of the equation of the memo movement, but since young teenagers have been introduced to this movement they gave a lot more value to lifestyle/fashion/attitude part of the equation. Memo has always been tied to both music and fashion. In the early sasss memo fashion was clean and cut look, but as the style spread to young teenagers, it changed completely. Nowadays tens Memo are known for having a slim fitted unisex fashion, most Of things are suitable for girls and boys. They wear black or bright colors slim fit jeans called drainpipes, slims or skinniest. Some memo guys sometimes wear girls jeans because they fit them better. Girls sometimes wear skirts or dresses with leg warmers.Memos love to wear short sleeves tight t-shirts with the names of their favorite memo bands on them; a dark color zip hood is something that an memo must have. The Memo fashion is also very popular for having lots of accessories such as studded belts with a large belt buckle, a variety of hair clips, bangles, black restrains, fingerless gloves, rings, black horn rimmed nerd glasses, backpacks and messenger bags with a lot of pins on them. They wear canvas sneakers or skate shoes often old and beaten up.Brands like Converse and Vans are very popular for memo shoes. Memos are also known for their strong make up, black or dark color eyeliner and white pounded to make their skin tone paler then natural. Some of them also have tattoos and piercing, specifically nose, tongue, belly button and lower lip piercing. Instead of having their ears pierced, a lot of memos have stretched ears. The one thing hat characterizes more the Memo look its the Memo hairstyle. Its often a long side-swept bangs brushed to one side of the face in order to cover one or both eyes.Their hair is most of the time straightened, short in the back and long in the back. Most of the time their hair Or dyed in dark black or dark red with bright colors like blue, pink, red, or bleached blond as highlights. A short choppy layer of hair with tons of gel is also very common. Besides all that here are a couple of things that memos do with their free time. Memos are known to have some kind of artist talent, they write poems or songs lyrics leaning with problems such as depression, loneliness, confusion or anger. They also love to draw anima cartoons. The memo population has a lot of online communities (Faceable, my space, beta etc. ) where they spend a lot of their time on. However nose are famous for the way they take their pictures, most if not all of their pictures are taken form an unusual camera angle and they are photodiodes before they are shared online. Generally speaking, all subcultures come with a certain amount of stereotypes. Today Memo kids are view as emotional, sensitive, shy, vampire hearted and introverted teenagers. They are known for committing suicide, depression and self-injury.People believe that the values and the beliefs of the memo subculture can be very dangerous. In 2008, the memo band named My Chemical Romance was responsible and blamed for the suicide by hanging of a thirteen year-old teenager Hannah Bond. A couple of weeks before she hanged herself she showed her father the cuts on her wrist and told him its was part of the memo initiation ceremony. My Chemical Romance glorified suicide in one of their song with the lyrics: Although youre dead ND gone, believe me your memory will go on.Hennas obsession with the memo band was linked to her suicide. In conclusion, weve seen how the Memo movement was first introduced in the United States as a music genre; weve talked about its origins and how it became famous. We also saw that as soon as teenagers got involved in this movement Memo movement became more than a music genre, it became a lifestyle subculture that unifies fashion, behavior, style, attitude and cults. Wee also seen how Memos were characterized and identified in society and how the society looked at them.