Drawing on your Mulvey and Neale readings, as well as Tasker's Essay - 2

Drawing on your Mulvey and Neale readings, just as Tasker's conversation, break down the portrayal of manliness in one of - Essay Example As clear in the film, manliness has both physical and mental control over gentility. As per Carroll, John McLane in the Die Hard arrangement is a prime case of this: ‘studies in the film field give explicit consideration to the Herculean physical exhibitions and astounding body appearances of featuring characters’ (Carroll, 2003, p. 54). In spite of the fact that champions assume significant jobs in numerous effective movies, the greater part of these female characters are known uniquely according to the male legend. This is to some extent because of male mastery in our general public. This paper will examine the portrayal of manliness in Die Hard 2. This examination will join a study from crafted by Mulvey (1975), Neale (1983) and Tasker (2004). Fanatic 2 spotlights on the account of a New York cop, John McLane. The initial scene is determined to Christmas Eve, when McLane visits his far off spouse, who lives in Los Angeles (Gates 2006, p. 35). McLane has what Rzepka an d Horsley (2010, p. 89) term as ‘unresolved issues’. It is a result of these issues that McLane isn't on acceptable standing with his better half. Upon McLane’s appearance, he discovers his isolated spouse at an office Christmas celebration; in any case, assumed political fear based oppressors attack the structure. The film at that point depicts the brave demonstrations of John McLane with the goal that he can spare his better half from the fear mongers. In Die Hard 2, as in many activity motion pictures, manly characters are depicted with virile physical ability and social strength. Another significant part of manly legends is their inordinate animosity. Earlier investigations concerning Hollywood’s introduction of male kinds have portrayed Die Hard 2 as a male-driven activity film, with the ‘presentation of the lead legend as a macho man’ (Milestone and Meyer 2012, p. 50). This is expected to McLane’s fabulous capacity to wrestle his adversaries, which is a quality of the legend in male-driven movies. Truth be told, Carroll (2003, p. 79) remarks that the ‘physical manliness of an activity saint gives a particular tone for the activity narrative’. It ought to be noticed that the crowd acknowledges chivalry fron male characters in filmst whil, female courage is less adequate to film audiences (Le Guin, 1993, p. 5). This is a direct result of the thought that guys are genuinely and intellectually more grounded than females. Rzepka and Horsley (2010, p. 61) characterize manliness in film as ‘an conclusion that a producer means to convey that includes physical ability, sexual virility and aggression’. Entryways (2006), Bould (2005) and Berg (2002) all help this thought in some structure or another. Doors (2006, p. 58) contends that Die Hard 2 spotlights on genuineness; the way that McLane is shown as a legend ‘forms an essential element of a film’s visual effects’. Then again, Bould (2005, p. 59) states that writing on activity legends talks about the body above sexuality, race, class and nationality. In an alternate way, Berg (2002, p. 80) accepts that pundits to a great extent hailed the Die Hard arrangement due to ‘John McLane’s capacity to withstand physical attacks regardless of his age’. Along these lines, the physical appearance of the saint assumes a significant job in drawing in crowds to activity situated movies, for example, Die Hard 2. To demonstrate this point, envision if Rowan Atkinson were to assume the legend job in the film. While he is broadly acknowledged among general society as an entertainer, he has never been appeared as a genuine activity or sentimental legend. This is most likely because of the more fragile physical make-up of Atkinson contrasted with that of average activity saints. One thing that can't be contended against is

Ethics Business Exam Essay

Characterize â€Å"ethics† as portrayed in our course reading: Ethics alludes to our endeavors to make sense of what we ought to do and how we should live. It includes the test of making sense of how to legitimize our conduct both to ourselves as well as other people. 3 Who are the most significant partners in the accompanying models in our course book? 1. Tylenol : Doctors, medical attendants, moms, fathers and youngsters. 2. Novo Nordisk : People with diabetes 3. GE Healthcare in India: Heath care suppliers 4. Merck: Members of society and to give great to individuals deprived the world over. . A worker is blamed for modifying a company’s money related records. After addressing, the representative shouts that he was just after the supervisor’s orders. The worker is utilizing which support for his dishonest conduct? Separating from duty 5. What are the 3 different ways to maintain a strategic distance from justifications? First the generalizability test; which s tates to settle on comparable choice when defied with comparative issues. Next the exposure test; this test expects to ensure one can safeguard their explanation, essentially is it just and would it be able to be shielded. The last test is the reversibility test; this proposes placing one in another’s shoes. Do onto others as you would have done to you. 6. What are the 3 Decision Guidelines named in the course reading? 1. Abandoned to direct 2. From uprightness morals to character and connections 3. Purposes and results 9. What are the 3 Levels of the Stakeholder Framework? 1. Incentive of the association 2. Standards of partner collaboration 3. Regard for cultural standers of direct. 10. For the situation concentrate about Merck, for what infection would they say they were approached to give prescription? Waterway visual deficiency 1. What are Kohlberg’s 6 Stages of Moral Development? 1. Pre-convectional †Punishment and submission †singular instrument reason and trade. 2. Convectional †common Interpersonal desires and connections similarity †peace direction 3. Post-convectional †earlier rights Social contact, utility †all inclusive moral standards 14. Valid or False: According to the Stakeholder Framework, the worries of Shareholders are not significant. Bogus: But they ought to have a strong and solid explanation when they decide not to address a partner 15. Valid or False: Bribery is worthy while participating in business in another nation where it is generally drilled. Bogus: pay off is an inadmissible practice 16. Name 4 of DeGeorge’s 10 Principles for Cross Cultural Management. 1. Do no purposeful mischief. 2. Produce more great than hurt for have. 3. Add to have improvement. 4. Regard human privileges of representatives. 17. In the video of ‘The Office†, what are 5 moral issues depicted? 1) Getting rebate on paper for sexual acts. 2) Upper level administration neglected explanation behind markdown paper 3) Stealing organization time. ) Office supervisor brushed off morals preparing program. 5) Giving insusceptibility and repudiating it after the gathering is a morals issue. 18. Valid or False: Enron was in the frozen custard business. Bogus: they sold vitality. 19. What is the contrast among essential and optional partners? Essential partners are individuals and gatherings generally influenced by the result of the business activities. Worth chain and definitional partners. Optional partners are people or gatherings not straightforwardly influenced by the result of business tasks. Instrumental partners.

the INCOMPLETE email mystery COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

the INCOMPLETE email mystery COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog If you submitted your application for the January 5th   (January 20th for MPA-DP) deadline, but sent pieces of your application by snail mail or by email, and your application status still states incomplete; rest assured if all pieces of your application were either submitted electronically or postmarked by the fellowship consideration deadline you will still be eligible for funding consideration. If you have received an email notification stating that items may have not been received and your file is not complete.   Please do not panic!   This message is system generated so we request that you review your online SIPA application and drop us a quick email (sipa_admission@columbia.edu) if you believe you received this message in error (please put your name and the word incomplete in the subject line).     In many cases, your submitted materials are in our possession but still need to be processed and it will just be a matter of time for your record to be updated.     In other situations, your materials did not reach our office so     monitoring your application status is always a wise thing to do.   We will work with you to resolve these issues but we do request your patience. Looking forward to processing your applications!

Erik Erikson And Jean Piaget s Theories Essay - 1291 Words

Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget are quite similar in their theories. Jean Piaget’s cognitive theory is only slightly different than Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory. Both theorists use the idea of developmental stages. Although the stages vary in what they entail, the carry the same idea of progressive development. Jean Piaget was born September 16, 1980, in Switzerland. His research found â€Å"that the growth of knowledge is a progressive construction of logically embedded structures superseding one another by a process of inclusion of lower less powerful logical means into higher and more powerful ones up to adulthood. Therefore, children s logic and modes of thinking are initially entirely different from those of adults† (Smith, 2000). On the other hand, there’s the theory of Erikson, born in Germany in 1902. His theory saying, â€Å"Developmental progression — from trust to autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, and i ntegrity — was conceived as the sequential reorganization of ego and character structures. Each phase was the potential root of later health and pathology. By focusing on the social as well as the psychological, Erikson’s stages represented a quantum leap in Freudian thought, which had emphasized the psychosexual nature of development† (EI, 2013). Both theories are equally interesting. Although only slightly different, they both advocate for the nurture side of nature versus nurture debate. â€Å"Before Piaget’s work, the common assumption inShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Eriksons Theory On Early Childhood Education1212 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Jean Piaget once asked, â€Å"Are we forming children who are only capable of learning what is already known?† With there being so many theoriest whose research and ideas have made an impact on early childhood education. Knowing the teoriests and the ideas that they had is vital in the education profession. Erik Erikson Hope is both the earliest and the most indispensable virtue inherent in the state of being alive. If life is to be sustained hope must remain, even where confidenceRead MoreThe Theory Of Human Development Theory1642 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopment theories are theories intended to account for how and why people become, as they are. These theories provide the framework to clarify and organize existing observations and to try to explain and predict human behavior. It is important to recognize the complexity of human development and the theories that explain human development. (Berger, pg. 23). The three theories that have influenced by development are Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Theory, Abraham Maslow’s Humanism and Erik Erikson’s PsychosocialRead MoreCognitive Development And Erik Erikson s 8 Stages Of Psychosocial Development1788 Words   |  8 Pages Jean Piaget’s 4 stages of Cognitive Development and Erik Erikson’s 8 stages of Psyc hosocial Development Developmental is understood as the act or process of developing; progress such as child developmental. When children go through the process of developing, they all develop the same regardless of what state or country there from. The way children develop has been studied by two psychologists’ name Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson and they both develop a theory of how children developRead MoreJean Piaget And Erik Erikson Essay1187 Words   |  5 Pagesdealing with children in a school setting. Both Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson were great Theorists, that works help us understand children’s thought processes and skill sets. Teachers are interacting with their students based on developmental and skill age-appropriateness, while incorporating foundations of theorist teachings. A child-theorist’s research can provide an understanding of how and why children behave, as well as how they process information. Erik Erickson’s 8 Stages of Development providedRead MorePia get Of The Child : Theories Of Development Essay960 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Study of the Child: Theories of Development I† (Learning Seed, 1997), according to Vygotsky, the cognitive development in children is in direct relationship, and dependent on interaction with others. (Feldman 2010, pg. 20). Vygotsky believed to truly understand cognitive development; a child’s social and cultural experiences must be considered. Piaget believes theorists that focus on the mind are called cognitive theorists. Piaget was most interested in how children think. Piaget describes stagesRead MoreCognitive Control And Social Control Essay897 Words   |  4 PagesBurnett, Blakemore, S. J., 2008). There are two major aspects when it comes to adolescence: cognitive control and social control. The cognitive control focuses more on supervisory functions such as our working memory, decision making, self-consciousness, and attention distribution; while, the social control supports the individual being more sociable, forming more complex relationships and becoming more sensitive to acceptance and rejection by others (Steinberg, L. Morris, A. S., 2001). The adolescenceRead MorePsychology : The Influential Bunch1184 Words   |  5 Pagesfor taking his theory of behaviorism and applying it to child development. Watson is famous for saying that he could take a dozen healthy infants and train any one of them to become any ty pe of specialist he might select (Watson E. 1999). He believed that you can expose the child to certain environmental forces and overtime conditioned that child to become whatever type of person you want. Erik Erikson is known for developing the eight psychological stages of human development. Erikson assumes thatRead MoreTheories Of Sigmund Freud And Jean Piaget1420 Words   |  6 PagesDevelopmental Theories Through Our Own Eyes Worldwide there are no two individuals who are identical in behavior or developmental traits. For many reasons, people differ physically, mentally, and emotionally. Through time, behavior has been studied developing into various theories by breaking down personality in hopes to better understand an individual’s way of conducting. To further understand how development works we will be exploring and comparing the psychological theories of three well-knownRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology2134 Words   |  9 Pageson effect adult personality and behavior. Erik erikson Erik Erikson’s theory was greatly influenced by Sigmund freuds theory, following Sigmund freuds theory to do with the structure of personalities, but freud was an id psychologist, erk erikson was an ego psychologist. erikson highlighted the part of culture and society and also the battles that happen with the ego, but Freud stressed the battle between the superego and the id. Apparently Erikson reported that the ego grows as it positivelyRead MoreChild’s Play is Serious Business Essay1611 Words   |  7 Pagestool for adult life. Three theorists that studied children and spent their lives researching how children develop were Erik Erikson, Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. These theorists agreed that from the time a child is two years old, play, communication, and social development set the foundations for their future. These psychologists each have agreeable theories and each had theories that have been challenged by modern day researchers. Play, culture, and society were placed in a different order of

European Colonists and Africans - 1018 Words

European colonists at the time had an extreme sense of racial superiority over the Africans who were perceived to be â€Å"savage† and â€Å"uncivilized.† According to the English poet Rudyard Kipling in his poem the â€Å"White Man’s Burden,† it was the moral duty and obligation to civilize and educate â€Å"Your [the Europeans’] new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child.† This poem served as justification for the actions of the European colonists in Africa. Although, the common person may have thought civilizing was occurring, realistically that was not the case. Africans were being abused, sold into slavery, and stripped of their cultural norms by the colonists’ religion, Christianity. With constant pressures from Europe, Africa was unable to develop because of population loss, new dependence on European imports as opposed to domestic production, and warfare that was created as a result of European colonists establishing superimposed boundaries between nations. These boundaries disregarded relations between various African ethnic groups and therefore resulted in warfare because conflicting ethnic groups were often included same nation. Because of the constant instability between ethnic groups, development was hindered the majority of the nation was constantly using its available resources towards war rather than development. Furthermore, with the lack of resources being allocated towards development the African nations would fall behind the rest of the European and North AmericanShow MoreRelatedPostcolonialism And Colonialism In Joseph Conrads Heart Of Darkness1222 Words   |  5 Pageshis journey into the African Congo to meet Mr. Kurtz, an enigmatic and idealistic man. During his journey deeper into the jungle, Marlow witnesses various atrocities committed by his fellow colonists against the Native Africans. In Heart of Darkness, the noble and romantic cause of bringing civilization and progress to the darkness at the heart of Africa is corrupted into an oppressive occupation and brings to light the evils of colonialism and imperialism. The Native Africans are very often describedRead MoreThe Longstanding Institution of Slavery in the United States Essay670 Words   |  3 Pagesdecline of indentured servants, the Europeans looked elsewhere for laborers. It is then, within the British colonies, do the colonists turn to the enslavement of Africans. Although Native Americans were readily available and were initially numerous, Africans became the primary slave used in the colonies because the Native American slaves could not fill the colonists labor needs, while the Africans did. Before the subsequent enslavement of Africans, the Europeans, or the English specifically, triedRead MoreBroader Impact Of Colonization On African Continent Essay1292 Words   |  6 Pagescolonization on African Continent According to the dictionary, colonialism may be defined as the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupy it settlers, and exploit it economically. Colonialism between the 1870s and 1900s had a massive impact on African communities. Therefore, I am studying effect of colonialism because I want to find out its impacts in order to understand the transformation it brought to the African continent basedRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Imperialism884 Words   |  4 Pagesexpand their empire. New imperialism has the same idea, but it would have started in the 1870’s and the motive to continue this practice was heavily economic. Imperial powers will expand their empire for many different reasons, the victims or the colonist will make an attempt to counter their actions, but to their own prevail not be very successful. The actions performed by the imperialists during this time will create many negative impacts that are still seen today. Imperialists had four goalsRead MoreHeart of Darkness: Futility of European Presence in Africa1045 Words   |  5 PagesDarkness: Futility of European Presence in Africa Joseph Conrad s Heart of Darkness is both a dramatic tale of an arduous trek into the Belgian Congo at the turn of the twentieth century and a symbolic journey into the deepest recesses of human nature. On a literal level, through Marlow s narration, Conrad provides a searing indictment of European colonial exploitation inflicted upon African natives. By employing several allegoric symbols this account depicts the futility of the European presence in AfricaRead MoreConsequences Of European Colonization1112 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the 16th and 17th centuries, when the Europeans started to make their way to the new world, they discovered a society that was strikingly different to their own. In the late 1800’s, the rare Native Americans that were left in the United States were practically extinguished. Many diverse things contributed to their near-extinction, some were considered intentional and some unintentional. Some tribes made the decision to go willingly, and some deci ded to fight to their death but in the end,Read MoreEuropean Colonization Effects1222 Words   |  5 PagesIn the past, European countries came to the Americas looking to build their empire and gain power. They were competing to be the most powerful country and improve their economic lives. In the drive to be the most powerful European country, they started colonizing the Americas. The effects of colonization were reflected in different groups of people. Some effects were bad and some ere good. There are different perspectives about colonization. Some people think that the colonization was a great eventRead MoreThe New World During The 19th Century Essay1607 Words   |  7 Pageswhich the Europeans believed they could control to gain wealth and power. The manpower used to construct the European settlements included certain forms of coerced and forced labor, which included white indentured servants, Native Americans and African slaves. Native Americans would resist often with fier ce aggression against the white settlers and indentured servitude would diminish after wealthy colonists succeeded in breaking ties between white and black laborers. The English colonists would needRead MoreThe European Nations Used The Term `` Civilizing Mission `` By Joseph Conrad1050 Words   |  5 PagesThe European nations used the term â€Å"civilizing mission† to convince people to support the exploration of the unknown parts of the African continent. Europeans believed that Africans were uncivilized, lacked Enlightenment, and needed European progress. In the eyes of the people, this colonization was supposed to moralize the indigenous people into their idea of civilization, but this was not the case. In the late nineteenth century, Europe’s â€Å"civilizing mission† was never civilized because the focusRead MoreThe System Of Institutionalized Slavery During The Virginia And South Carolina Colonies849 Words   |  4 Pagescompetition, and a difference i n power. The enslavement of Africans during the 1600-1700 s is a prime example of what happens when all three requirements are fulfilled. Slavery of course did exist before its institutionalization in the colonial era. Before the Native Americans and Africans, there were still indentured servants and people who fell victim to power struggles and war. However, the significance and what separates the colonists slaves from the indentured servants is the factor of race

The Powers of the Prime Minister Free Essays

string(58) " as he will not be able to exercise his role effectively\." Introduction The purpose of this essay is to describe and discuss the powers of the British Prime Minister and which implications arise from his position for the government and politics. This essay will consist of three parts. In the first part the main powers of the Prime Minister (PM), currently David Cameron, will be considered. We will write a custom essay sample on The Powers of the Prime Minister or any similar topic only for you Order Now These include his tasks as head of government, the right to select his cabinet and to dismiss ministers, to represent the country abroad and more functions, which will be explained in more detail below. In the second part the limits of his powers will be illustrated and how effective they are. These will lead to the third section, where it will be discussed whether the Prime Minister is too powerful. The focus will be especially on the argument whether Britain has a more prime ministerial government rather than a Cabinet government. Furthermore a comparison with the powers of the German chancellor is made, and it will be reviewed if the organisation of the office of German Chancellor is a better manner to regulate the powers of the PM. Lastly, it is discussed which reforms are possible to reduce the Prime Minister’s powers. The Roles of the Prime Minister As head of the UK government, the PM is probably the most influential person in British politics. To the present day 52 men and one woman have passed through the doors of Number 10 Downing Street as British Prime Minister. The office of the PM is the creation of convention, and the role and the powers conferred on him still depend mainly on convention and political circumstances. His powers are not defined in legislation, instead they evolved as a matter of political expediency and historically evolution. Moreover, it now appears to be a firm convention that the Prime Minister should be a member of the House of Commons. Most of the powers to be discussed derive from the royal prerogative.The royal prerogative is supposed to give the Monarch substantial power as the Head of State. However, the prerogative powers should be understood „not as personal discretionary powers of the Monarchâ€Å", but as „clearly circumscribed constitutional duties to be carried out on the advice of the PM. He is the principal government figure in the House of Commons and has a general authority to intervene in any sphere of government. The Prime Minister controls the central government apparatus in that he decides how the tasks of government should be allocated to departments and whether departments should be created, amalgamated or abolished. Furthermore it is the PM who appoints the members of the Cabinet and „sets the paceâ€Å" of Cabinet activity. He may ask ministers to resign, recommend the Queen to dismiss them or, with their consent, move them to other offices. Lord Atlee has said that an important quality in a Premier is the capacity to dismiss inadequate ministers. The Prime Minister is able to control Cabinet discussions and the process of decision-making by setting the order of business, and may name one of the Cabinet to be Deputy Prime Minister, or first Secretary of State. Therefore the power of appointment is one of the chief ways a Prime Minister keeps his cont rol over his party. By controlling influential committees, the PM can also ensure that he drives the policies of these committees. Accordingly, it can be said that the Prime Minister is in a position to exercise a dominant influence over the Cabinet, having powers that other ministers do not have. The PM customarily holds the titular position of First Lord of the Treasury. His approval is also required for the appointment of the most senior civil servants and important Crown appointments are filled on his nomination, for example, high-ranking members of the Church of England and senior judges. Furthermore, he also has control over the Cabinet Office. The PM, in addition, retains other patronage powers. He still advises the Queen on new peerages, on appointments to the Privy Council and the grant of honours. The Prime Minister’s Office supports him in his role as head of government. This includes providing policy advice and ensuring effective communications to Parliament and the public. Most Prime Ministers must take a special interest in foreign affairs, the economy and defence. The Queen is Britain’s head of state, but the PM is Britain’s de facto representative abroad. He often takes a leading role in foreign relations, dealing directly with other heads of government, and is also likely to take the lead on major issues as the national and international response to the crisis in Libya. Another function of the PM is that he is also in a position to dominate if not control the government’s communication to the press, and to disclose information about government decisions and the Cabinet business. He has regular meetings with the Queen and is responsible for keeping the Queen informed of the Cabinet’s handling of affairs. As has become clear above, the PM is involved in all aspects of government in a way that no other government official is, and thus it is safe to say that, despite the limits on his power (see below), the PM can be considered the most influential person in politics. Limits of his power Despite the Prime Minister’s emerged position within British politics there are limits to his powers. Firstly, one great limit comes from the party he represents. If the PM loses the support from his party’s backbenchers, his position becomes very fragile. Therefore the biggest danger is that a Prime Minister builds up a range of enemies. One example for that is what happened to Margaret Thatcher, when another minister, who disagreed with her policies, put an effective revolt against her style of leadership, which led to her resignation. This means that if the PM loses the support of his party, he will almost always have to resign as PM, as he will not be able to exercise his role effectively. You read "The Powers of the Prime Minister" in category "Essay examples" Moreover, all Prime Ministers must include most senior party colleagues in the Cabinet, who could always be some troublemakers, if they don’t get the position they would like to have. The PM’s powers of appointment are also limited by the need to provide a balance of party views in the Cabinet. Therefore an authoritative leadership of the party is a main factor for a PM to be successful. Additionally there are other ways in which the PM’s powers are limited. For instance the fact that he is seen to be publicly responsible for any major mishap that occurs during his time in power. As the most known member of the government, it is he that the public blame when they aren’t satisfied with politics. Margaret Thatcher was held responsible for the problems in association with the Poll Tax and Tony Blair has been accused of being too friendly with the USA’ President Bush. This means that the electorate body has the power to remove the PM by way of elections, and so the PM is indirectly also controlled in this way. This is referred to as indirect as the body can not directly stop any decisions the PM makes, but can stop him from continuing in the office of PM when general elections take place by voting for another party. As another limitation can be seen the questioning time on Wednesday, which is an opportunity for the leader of the opposition and other members of the House of Commons to ask the PM supplementary questions on any subject. Therefore he is directly accountable to the Parliament for his actions and decisions. However, the PM will be extensively briefed by government departments in anticipation of likely subjects he could be asked about and they cannot force him to change his engagements. Additionally the European Union has the power to influence government policy by imposing on member states’ policies. Even though the Conservatives have generally not been very happy with this imposition on the British State, David Cameron still accepted when he became PM that the UK is part of the EU, and that therefore, it has to adhere to certain decisions. He, as PM, had to compromise on this point for him to effectively lead the country. Although the courts have long had the power to determine the existence and extent of a prerogative power, traditionally they have had no power to regulate the manner of its exercise. The position is now governed by the decision of the House of Lords in CCSU v Minister of State for Civil Service (1985). The judiciary placed some restraints on executive use of the royal prerogative. But not every prerogative power is justiciable: matters such as the appointment of Ministers, the disposition of the armed force and the dissolution of Parliament are still beyond judicial control.The justiciability of the prerogative powers could in theory have been a powerful limit on the PM’s powers. However, in practice it has shown this was not so, as only limited part of the prerogative powers is in fact justiciable and that there are limits to what extent remedies are available. Also, this limit does not prevent or deter the PM on acting in a particular way, it will only compensate certain gro ups or people after an event has occurred, and so does not even directly affect the PM. As seen above the Prime Minister has big political powers, but this power is also balanced by the fact that there are limitations to that power. Although some of these limitations are really effective, most of the powers of the PM can not easily be influenced. Is the Prime Minister too powerful? In the last 40 years the powers of the Prime Minister within the British political structure have developed to such an extent that some critical politicians and academics now refer to Britain as having a Prime Ministerial government rather than a Cabinet government. He is the „keystone of the Cabinet archâ€Å", occupying a position which is one of the exceptional and peculiar authority. In essence this means that the office of PM is very much attached to the person by which is meant that the individual PM has a discretion in which way to exercise his powers. If the PM is very popular than the limits given above will have very little effect as most of them are heavily dependent on the dislike of and disagreement with the PM and his politics. Recently, more emphasis has been placed on the role of the Prime Minister and less on the Cabinet itself and therefore it is argued that the description of British government simply as „Cabinet governmentâ€Å" had become misleading, for „the country is governed by the Prime Ministerâ€Å". The PM has three main functions, which give him his enormous powers within the British government: being able to appoint and dismiss ministers; by setting the agenda for Cabinet discussions, and by controlling the remit and membership of Cabinet committees. Certainly the way in which these powers are operated naturally differs from one PM to another. This is an immense concentration of power in the hands of the Prime Minister, particularly discharging is one of his ultimate weapons. The argument of prime ministerial dominance seemed to be confirmed by the premiership of Margaret Thatcher. By displacing some important decision-making to informal, ad hoc groups of ministers convened by herself she diminished the role of Cabinet and demonstrated the dominant authority that can be wielded by a PM. As evidence of strengthened prime ministerial control under Mr Blair can be also cited paragraph 9.2 of the Ministerial Code: In order to ensure the effective presentation of government policy, all major interviews and media appearances should be agreed with the No 10 Press Office before any commitments are entered into(†¦). As explained above, therefore the PM is in a position to dominate the government’s communication to the press. Another claim of his overwhelming power is that Cabinet meetings are too dominated by the PM. The members of the Cabinet are simply ‘yes-sayers’. „With Mr Tony Blair there has been a reversion to a „command and controlâ€Å" premiership with centralised and informal processes of decision-making tending to displace collective discussions in Cabinet and Cabinet committeesâ€Å". Also the doctrine of collective responsibility helps to strengthen the powers of the Prime Minister, as ministers must not criticise government policy in public. This is underlined by the fact that many decisions of government are not taken by the Cabinet as a whole, but by the Prime Minister in consultation with a few key colleagues. Moreover, there are those who believe that the personality of the Prime Minister is now almost as important as stated party policies. But the implication is that if people vote for personalities as much as issues, then the opponent has no chance of winning the next election as long as the current PM’s personality and manner are still popular with the people. All these facts have led some to seek ways to limit or control the power of the PM in order to rehabilitate the Cabinet government. Thus far, it has been established that the PM has great amounts of power and that it seems that Britain currently has a more prime ministerial government than a Cabinet government. However, to demonstrate whether the PM can be considered as too powerful, it would be best to compare his function with that of the German Federal Chancellor, who has the equivalent role in Germany. Even though the legal foundations of the political systems of the United Kingdom and Germany are very different, the roles of the PM and the Chancellor are in many ways very similar, and so this comparison would be a good way to show how powerful the PM actually is, and whether that could be considered as being too powerful. The German Chancellor is the head of government. Currently this position is held by Angela Merkel of the CDU. The Chancellor determines the guidelines of government policy, so called Richtlinienkompetenz. He is elected every four years by a majority of the members of the Bundestag upon the recommendation of the President. For this election a majority of all elected members of the Bundestag is required, which should ensure to establish a stable government. The Chancellor has the power to choose his ministers and to determines the number of ministries and their responsibilities. Another power is that the Chancellor himself can propose a vote of no confidence.Therefore he can test whether he still enjoys the unlimited support of the governing parties. The powers of the German Chancellor are also limited. Removing the Chancellor from office is an alternative when there is no more political consensus between the parties before a general elections for a new Bundestag.In the German history there have been only three occasions where this happened. This course of action was taken in order to prematurely dissolve the Bundestag, which according to the constitution is otherwise not possible. This ensures that no single party can form a government on its own. Furthermore limitations can be given from decisions of the Federal Constitutional court: It allows the authority and the citizens to present a complaint to abolish a law they found infringing the terms set in Basic Rights. In comparison to the Prime Minister the power to appoint members of high authority, legalise acts and dissolve parliament is vested in the German Bundesprasident. The fifty-year history of the Federal Republic has shown that despite the Chancellor’s strong position the ability of the government to act cannot be guaranteed by him alone. Even though the Chancellery makes it possible to impose central management and coordination, a non-hierarchical relationship between the Chancellor and his Ministers plays an important role in government practice. In this context the Cabinet deals with important interministerial issues such as the federal budget or tax reform and takes joint decisions on them (â€Å"principle of joint Cabinet decision-making†). In a government coalition the Chancellor is also bound by the terms of the coalition agreement and has to adhere to these terms to avoid straining the coalition. The â€Å"principle of joint Cabinet decision-making† means that the Chancellor and the Ministers decide jointly on matters of general political importance. When there are differences of opinion between Ministers the Chancellor mediates (as a â€Å"primus inter pares†). Cabinet decisions are based on majority rule. The â€Å"principle of ministerial autonomy† means that each Minister conducts the affairs of his ministry independently and on his own responsibility. This means that the Chancellor cannot automatically intervene in his Ministers’ areas of responsibility. At the same time Ministers must see to it that the decisions they take remain within the limits. As can be seen by this comparison the British PM and the Chancellor in theory have very similar powers, but in practice the PM has a lot more power than the Chancellor as he has more discretion about the execution of these powers. However, before one can say that this means he is too powerful, the effectiveness of the functions of Prime Minister and Chancellor have to be compared. In fact, in the six decades of the Bundestag, there have been only eight Chancellors – a remarkable element of stability. In the same period of time, Britain has had 14 Prime Ministers. In the British parliamentary system usually only has one party in power, because the first-past-the-post system there favours the strongest party. There have only been a few hung parliaments. The latest elections resulted in this, and currently the UK has a coalition government, existing out of the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats. In May there will be a referendum to change the voting system, and if the voting system as a consequence of this is in fact changed to one of additional voting, then this might all change. Since Germany has a system of proportional representation for the election of its lower house, no one party has ever had a clear majority in the last 60 years, and for this reason all German governments have been coalitions. Finally, there is the question, which reforms of the PM’s position are could be made, and what their advantages and disadvantages would be. One way of reform would be the limit of the PM’s power to a greater extent to prevent the role of PM to be so attached to the person, and instead to be more like the German Chancellor’s position, whose powers are more controlled by the political process. The House of Commons Public Administration Select Committee recommended that the government should initiate a public consultation about Minister’s executive powers, which would include proposals for legislation to provide for greater parliamentary control over all such ministerial powers. Furthermore, changing the way in which Cabinet meetings and decisions are made would be helpful in a similar way. The PM would still lead the Cabinet, but could not unilaterally ignore their opinions and views and would be forced to take them into account. In addition, by giving the PM perhaps also a more mediating role rather than just a leading role, the resources of various departments would come to better use. The PM would by supporting the other ministers in their responsibilities and by organising better co-operation between the different ministerial departments achieve better results. The better these departments function with each other, the less dependent they would be on the PM, and in that way his power would be limited. In my opinion the rules regarding the operation of parliament and its processes should be clearer as they would provide for another method of limiting the PM’s power. It can also be argued that the entire office of the PM should codified in a statute. The move away from an unwritten constitution – with statutory provisions – limits the PM’s scope,for example an Act of Parliament which states that there has to be a PM, how and who should be appointed for the role, and what the powers attached to this position would be. Lastly, the changing of the voting system might lead to far reaching consequences for the office of PM, as explained above. However, at this point, this is all theory as the referendum still has to take place, and even if it takes place, it might show people do not wish a change in the voting system. Even if it does, the politicians will still first have to act on this before anything changes. As this should make clear there are ways in which the position of the Prime Minister can be reformed in a way that will limit his power to the extent that he is no longer too powerful, but still powerful enough to carry out his function in an appropriate way. Conclusion The British Prime Minister has extensive personal power, which prevent there from being an „averageâ€Å" Prime Minister. The power of the PM will change according to the personality of the PM, his popularity, the success of his government, external circumstances and the resources of other actors within the core executive.James Barber argued that by putting the three factors together – constitutional and political frameworks, circumstance and personality – the picture that emerges is one of fluctuating powers, whereby sometimes a PM may appear to have presidential-like position, and at others he is subject to obvious constraints. All these things will have an important effect on how powerful the PM is. As written above, there are some possibilities in which way his power can be reduced and more controlled, and in that way to achieve a â€Å"Cabinet government† rather than a prime ministerial government. The PM should not be a presidential figure, but able to lead the Cabinet and ensure that decisions are made. Bibliography Books: Bogdanor, Vernon _The New British Constitution, 2009 The British Constitution in the Twentieth Century, 2004_____Bradley, A. W. / Ewing, K. D._Constitutional Administrative Law, 15th ed. 2010__Brazier, Rodney_Constitutional Texts – Materials on Government and the Constitution, 1990 Constitutional Reform – Reshaping the British political system __Hilaire, Barnett_Constitutional Administrativ Law, 6th ed.__Loveland, Ian_Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, and Human Rights – A critical introduction, 2006. __Maurer/ Hartmut_Staatsrecht I – Grundlagen, Verfassungsorgane, Staatsfunktionen, 3th ed__Oliver, Dawn_Government in the United Kingdom, 1991__Parpworth, Neil_Constitutional and Administrative Law, 5th ed. 2008__Turpin, Colin / Tomkins, Adam_British Government and the Constitution, 6th ed. 2007__ Articles: Benn, article in Parliamentary Affairs, 1990. Theakston / Kevin – Prime Ministers and the Constitution, in Parliamentary Affairs, Vol. 58 No.1, 2005, 17-37. Heffernan, article in Parliamentary Affairs, 2005. Hennessy, article in Parliamnetary Affairs, 2005 How to cite The Powers of the Prime Minister, Essay examples

Emo - Subculture free essay sample

A subculture is a small cultural group within a larger group such as society. Subcultures can be hidden or distinct; they often have norms, values, beliefs and interests that make them different from those of the larger culture. A large number of different subcultures can be found today in the united States, and the one that were going to get more familiar with is known as MEMO. At first Memo was only considered as a music genre, a style of rock music. But throughout the years as Memo music gained a lot of success, especially with teenagers.Today we look at it as a lifestyle subculture that unifies music, fashion, behavior, style and many more. Were first going to talk about the origins of the memo subculture in the united States then well talk about the effect that it has on teenagers and finally well talked the general worldview of this group. First of all, its necessary to know that the most important part of the memo lifestyle is its music. It first started in the mid-sasss as a hardcore punk music movement in Washington D. C. Memo is a short term for emotional hardcore or mocker. Throughout the years as soon as popularity carne, memo style began change.It went from punk rock to pop punk to Indies rock. In the sasss a couple of independent records label began to specialize in this new style as they saw a possible success in memo music. After that memo gained way more popularity and thats when it became a fashion trend. Then in the early 200(Yes, an memo rock band named Jimmy Eat World went on to sign a contract with Trademarks Records to be one of the first memo bands to go mainstream and platinum. After that, more bands such as Dashboard Confessional or Save The Day followed the footsteps of Jimmy Eat World.The memo music is mainly designed to me highly dramatic, it also creates a arsenal relationship between fans and artists. The values expressed through the memo music are emotional topics such as nostalgia, brokenhearted, hope, depression, self-hatred, anger, love, loneliness, sadness, suffering and many more. Undoubtedly music is the main and more important part of the equation of the memo movement, but since young teenagers have been introduced to this movement they gave a lot more value to lifestyle/fashion/attitude part of the equation. Memo has always been tied to both music and fashion. In the early sasss memo fashion was clean and cut look, but as the style spread to young teenagers, it changed completely. Nowadays tens Memo are known for having a slim fitted unisex fashion, most Of things are suitable for girls and boys. They wear black or bright colors slim fit jeans called drainpipes, slims or skinniest. Some memo guys sometimes wear girls jeans because they fit them better. Girls sometimes wear skirts or dresses with leg warmers.Memos love to wear short sleeves tight t-shirts with the names of their favorite memo bands on them; a dark color zip hood is something that an memo must have. The Memo fashion is also very popular for having lots of accessories such as studded belts with a large belt buckle, a variety of hair clips, bangles, black restrains, fingerless gloves, rings, black horn rimmed nerd glasses, backpacks and messenger bags with a lot of pins on them. They wear canvas sneakers or skate shoes often old and beaten up.Brands like Converse and Vans are very popular for memo shoes. Memos are also known for their strong make up, black or dark color eyeliner and white pounded to make their skin tone paler then natural. Some of them also have tattoos and piercing, specifically nose, tongue, belly button and lower lip piercing. Instead of having their ears pierced, a lot of memos have stretched ears. The one thing hat characterizes more the Memo look its the Memo hairstyle. Its often a long side-swept bangs brushed to one side of the face in order to cover one or both eyes.Their hair is most of the time straightened, short in the back and long in the back. Most of the time their hair Or dyed in dark black or dark red with bright colors like blue, pink, red, or bleached blond as highlights. A short choppy layer of hair with tons of gel is also very common. Besides all that here are a couple of things that memos do with their free time. Memos are known to have some kind of artist talent, they write poems or songs lyrics leaning with problems such as depression, loneliness, confusion or anger. They also love to draw anima cartoons. The memo population has a lot of online communities (Faceable, my space, beta etc. ) where they spend a lot of their time on. However nose are famous for the way they take their pictures, most if not all of their pictures are taken form an unusual camera angle and they are photodiodes before they are shared online. Generally speaking, all subcultures come with a certain amount of stereotypes. Today Memo kids are view as emotional, sensitive, shy, vampire hearted and introverted teenagers. They are known for committing suicide, depression and self-injury.People believe that the values and the beliefs of the memo subculture can be very dangerous. In 2008, the memo band named My Chemical Romance was responsible and blamed for the suicide by hanging of a thirteen year-old teenager Hannah Bond. A couple of weeks before she hanged herself she showed her father the cuts on her wrist and told him its was part of the memo initiation ceremony. My Chemical Romance glorified suicide in one of their song with the lyrics: Although youre dead ND gone, believe me your memory will go on.Hennas obsession with the memo band was linked to her suicide. In conclusion, weve seen how the Memo movement was first introduced in the United States as a music genre; weve talked about its origins and how it became famous. We also saw that as soon as teenagers got involved in this movement Memo movement became more than a music genre, it became a lifestyle subculture that unifies fashion, behavior, style, attitude and cults. Wee also seen how Memos were characterized and identified in society and how the society looked at them.

Hills Like White Elephants By Ernest Hemingway Essays -

Hills Like White Elephants By Ernest Hemingway Hills Like White Elephants Hills Like White Elephants, is a short story, written by author Ernest Hemingway. It is a story about a man and a woman waiting at a train station talking about an issue that they never name. I believe this issue is abortion. In this paper I will prove that the girl in the story, who's name is Jig, finally decides to go ahead and have the baby even though the man, who does not have a name, wants her to have an abortion. It is the end of the story that makes me think this. First of all I will prove that it is an abortion that this couple is discussing. The man says that it is an operation, and an abortion is an operation. Also, he says that it is just to let the air in, which can be interpreted as meaning that the doctors who are performing the abortion will let the air into the uterus as they remove the fetus (283). The man says that he has known lots of people that have done it. Which suggests that this is a common operation like an abortion. It also shows the moral depravity of the world of these people because so many women are having abortions. Finally, the man says that he wants their relationship to be just like we were before (284). This suggests that the relationship has changed, as it would with a baby, if the girl has an abortion things will return to the same as before the pregnancy. We don't know what the couple acted like before the pregnancy, however, we are certainly not meant to like their behavior as they talk about the abortion. Now that I have established that the couple is having an abortion, I will establish the girl's behavior because this is important for figuring out the way in which she has made up her mind at the end of the story. Early in the story we get a glimpse at Jig's disgust with her male partner. She looks at the hills in the distance and says They look like white elephants (282). The man responds that he has never seen one after which he drinks more beer (282). Jig then responds: No, you wouldn't have (292). The man gets really defensive when she says this, Jig ignores him. The scene is important because it shows that from the very beginning of the story Jig is talking down to the man and does not have much respect for him. The fact that she is not surprised he's never seen a white elephant. She thinks him to be a narrow-minded pig. A white elephant is something that is unwanted. And this guy never deals with things that he does not want. He just shuts his mind to them. The girl in this see n seems to recognize this fact. Since we see the girl acting with condescension and sarcasm right in the first scene when the couple talks about white elephants, we need to keep this attitude in mind when we read there subsequent conversations. For example. On page 284 Jig says Then I'll do it. Because I don't care about me. On the same page she also says I'll do it and then everything will be fine (284). The man responds to this by saying that I don't want you to do it if you feel that way (284). The reader is left asking, feel what way? Clearly the man has picked up on something that we the readers have not been told by the narrator of the story. The mans mention of feel that way suggests that Jig is not using a sincere tone when she says that she does not care about herself and she will do it to make everything fine. Most likely, drawing on the evidence of the discussion of white elephants, we can conclude that Jig is being sarcastic here. She does care about herself and she does not think everything will be OK. This is an important point. Closer to the end of the story, on page 286, the man keeps making comments like I don't care anything about it. As

Constructing Social Problems essayEssay Writing Service

Constructing Social Problems essayEssay Writing Service Constructing Social Problems essay Constructing Social Problems essaySocial problems are the points of contact between a large variety of human characters and morals. Every group of people has its own opinion, and very often such a variety of opinions leads to an emergence of social problems. Social problems are also very dependent on external (outside of public and natural) factors and causes. Moreover, social problems, under certain conditions, can revive the society, without giving it a possibility to be â€Å"bored† and do nothing. Thus, the main aims of the assignment are to explain the statement that social problems are socially constructed and to identify a social problem for further research and discussion.Despite the fact that social problem seems to be an objectively existing social condition a flaw in the social order, from the standpoint of common sense, it is impossible to define the term, without resorting to subjective assessments, to feelings of people and their thoughts that some matters are a social problem.Spector Kitsuse used the idea of ​​social construction to refocus the attention of sociologists on the subjective nature of social problems (Spector Kitsuse, 2010). That is, instead of determining the objective qualities common to the different conditions, which are defined as social problems, Schneider claimed that the problems have in common only the label of a â€Å"social problem† (Schneider, 1985). The condition becomes a social problem when it is constructed that means recognized and identified, and called a social problem. Spector Kitsuse denote this process as the process of claims making; they define social problems as the activities of individuals or groups expressing discontent and allege demanding nature regarding some alleged conditions (Spector Kitsuse, 2010). Thus, the study of social problems should focus not on conditions by themselves, but on definition processes, when one or other conditions begin to be identified as proble matic. The concept of â€Å"social construction of social problems† means, therefore, the processes by which certain social conditions are a matter of public concern.Identifying a social problem, it is good to dwell on the problem of poverty. On the one hand, constructionists argue that the understanding of poverty as a social problem requires a different approach. For instance, there is nothing that would make it a social problem in the very nature of poverty because in many societies, poverty is seen as a natural part of the social order that is not considered a social problem. But it became obvious that the poverty is a socially constructed problem when it is taken another angle of observation of the problem. To explain, poverty becomes a social problem only when people define it as a cause of concern when they say that it is problematic. For example, the â€Å"war on poverty†, which began in the U.S. in 1960, has made the poverty ​​the subject of more attention, and a more visible social problem. Thus, the problem of poverty was not only big but it also had a mass destructive character and influenced the life of many people.Discussing the process of claims making in the context of this assignment, it is possible to show that all claims with certain requirements are an attempt to convince the audience of the existence of some particular social problems; these claims become a form of rhetoric. The answer to the question about the components that constitute a convincing rhetoric varies depending on the time and place of the claims making, however constructionist research revealed a set of elements characteristic of many modern claims requirements. Social problems are often illustrated with the use of certain examples that typify usually a problem in melodramatic form showing the terrible suffering of the victims, the inhumanity of â€Å"villains†, etc.Thus, we have explained the statement that social problems are socially c onstructed, and gave an example of a socially constructed problem with its description and interpretation.

What Is Neoliberalism In The United States Research Paper

What Is Neoliberalism In The United States - Research Paper Example Unlike in other countries such as the Western Europe and Japan, the United States has been very successful in terms of the use of neoliberal policies in this country. This explains why the United States is considered the leader of imperialist countries (Dumenil and Levy 9). In general, the concept of neoliberalism is based on the classical liberal economic practice that was widely used in the United States for many years way before the Great Depression took place in 1930s (Dumenil and Levy 1, 12). However, between the mid-1930s up to mid-1970s, the US government decided to implement the use of the â€Å"interventionist† approach rather than the typical classical liberalism (Kotz). When Ronald Reagan was elected as the President of the United States back in 1980, the US government started supporting the use the classical liberalism in making public policies which aims to limit labor power, deregulate industries and agriculture within and outside the United States (Harvey). The main purpose of this study is to discuss the significance of neoliberalism in North Atlantic states particularly in the case of the United States. As part of analyzing the impact of neoliberalism in the U.S., this study will first discuss what neoliberalism is all about followed by discussing how neoliberalism in the United States has affected the developments in â€Å"deregulation† and â€Å"privatization† of public companies. What is Neoliberalism? According to Dumenil and Levy (5), neoliberalism is the â€Å"new phase in the evolution of capitalism†. Basically, the word â€Å"neoliberalism† is commonly used as a general term for economic liberalization of public policies and advocates (Fish; Boas and Gans-Morse). Since we are already in the era of globalization, a lot of academic institutions have considered neoliberalism as a â€Å"central guiding principle of economic thought and management† (Harvey). However, the question remains as to what n eoliberalization really mean and why the United States has been very supportive of neoliberalism? As defined by Mirowski and Plehwe (13-14), neoliberalism is â€Å"the priority of the price mechanism, the free enterprise, the system of competition and a strong and impartial state†. It means that neoliberalism strongly believe in the idea that a society should never be considered as a product of natural development. Instead, people should continuously promote the importance of having a free society that is subject to a â€Å"free market economy† or an â€Å"unregulated capitalist system† (Harvey ; Kotz). In general, the neoliberals strongly believe that a free market competition could challenge each business entity to improve not only their knowledge in managing a business but also maximize the use of technology. By giving each person the freedom to choose, neoliberals explained that business people can support the increase in the country’s overall economi c performance. It means that the business people are expected to become more focused in finding ways on how they can effectively increase their production efficiency and output, progress in the use of machineries and information technology, and promote distributional justice in order to increase the annual U.S. economic growth. As a free country that practices free trading, Kotz explained that the U.S. government has a limited role in its economic development. In general, the neoliberals consider the presence of state intervention as an external factor that can trigger more problems on the part of the business sectors. The public policy under neoliberalism

Discuss and critically analyse the perceptual factors that affect Essay

Discuss and critically analyse the perceptual factors that affect consumer decision making in 2010 - Essay Example December 9, 2006. April 4, 2011. 12 Beneke, Justin. Consumer perceptions of private label brands within the retail grocery sector of South Africa. African Journal of Business Management. 4.2. pp. 203-220.February, 2010. April 2, 2011 12 ConsumerReports.org. Chevrolet, Ford, and Subaru jump in brand perception Toyota is tops, according to new Consumer Reports survey. 2010. April 2,2011. 12 Introduction The different companies spread along a global scale are endeavoring to tap newer markets and gain large number of customers through the marketing of products and services on the online sphere. In fact, the development of the internet environment has helped in governing the purchase decisions of the consumers to a large extent. The development of marketing activities online has helped the consumers to gain access to a larger number of options for products and services from large number of companies. Moreover the customer also can conduct feasible product and service searches based on pri ce and quality parameters through the online environment which gives them a better edge in taking effective marketing decisions. The online marketing of goods and services conducted through the creation of attractive websites excites both the sight and sound stimulus of the consumers and compels them to go for the product. Websites are designed by the companies through the incorporation of multimedia textures like strong visual imagery and textual patterns along with superb sound effects. These factors help the companies in stealing the minds of the consumers easily and in compelling them to make the needed purchase. However considerable amount of research has confirmed that consumers tend to conduct purchases more effectively in a physical sphere than depending on the online environment. Thus companies tend to selectively represent some specific products in the online sphere while representing a plethora of different varieties in the retail outlets. (Chen & Quin, 122-123). Growth i n the Sales of Electronic Books An article published in the New York Times by Julie Bosman during 4th February, 2011 reflects the growth of sales of books in the online market during 2010. This also reflects the change in tastes of consumers which has again shifted to the literary end as a means of entertainment. The consumers reflect a shift of entertainment interest from viewing televisions to reading books. Surveys conducted shows that books which have mainly countered an increase in the digital sphere mainly belong to the category of children fictions. However certain publishers like Harper Collins also reported that books belonging to the adult fiction category also have sold like hot cakes. This rise in the online sales of the fiction books mainly started during the period of holidays where in the previous days the consumers were mainly stuck in the television front. The availability of large number of titles in the electronic

Pet Tracking Solution in India

Pet Tracking Solution in India GPS enabled chip in the collar called Pet Tracker, which is designed specifically to track, Identify your pet if it gets lost.[1] Customer Analysis Pets fulfill a larger role than just being a companion they are part of the family, and in some cases, considered as your children. For such owners loss of a pet becomes a traumatic experience as it is difficult to locate and recover a lost pet and the whole exercise becomes a nightmare. Another problem being faced by a large number of pet owners is that, while on vacation, or in their absence at work, there is no way to keep a track on their pets since most of the time the pets are either kept in a local shelter or with their neighbors. Pet industry in India is a multimillion dollar industry and has grown to approx. $900 million with a steady double-digit growth every year (Euro Monitor, 2011).[2] According to an estimate, in 2011, there were around 10 million pets in India and the number is growing by approximately 600000 per year in the Indian pet market. Some of the reasons for this growth can be attributed to the increase in pet adoption, rising incomes coupled with the increased trend for companionship, interest in owning pedigree and growing awareness amongst the owners to take proper care of their pets. Target Pet Owners will be our target market. We also understand that not all pet owners will be buying our product as such; we will target the segment that consciously needs the safety and security of their pets and who are looking for a solution to get a peace of mind in this regard. There is, however, no set age group that we can target, as owners of all ages would need this facility: the following groups of pet owners will be our primary target: Ardent pet lovers like Child-less and working Couples Owners of Pedigree dogs and high-end expensive pets People who already have pet Collar but do not have real time tracking facility Pet Groomers and Premium pet food buyers We will initially target customers in the middle and high-income group living in the four major metropolitan cities such as Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Calcutta in India. The estimated market size for premium pet care product is around 144 Million USD [3] which includes products like daily hygiene, premium pet food, pet sitting, pet parties, spas and other Premium services. We are confident that our product will attract most pet lovers in this segment; however, Even if we get around 1% of the targeted customers, we should be able to make a sizeable entry into the market in the first year and as the customer base grows we will try to increase our market share in the future. We do underhand our product may not succeed or Store owners may not keep our product and we have create a strong brand via delivering quality and amazing customer service.[4](Threats). The main pains or frustrations I see for this segments are; Unable to track their lost Pet. Dont have an easy and accessible one-stop solution to secure all safety and security requirements for the pet. The major gains that customer would be looking for are; Have one solution for identification and tracking of their pets and be able to use the information in user-friendly way. Get a peace of mind while on vacation, or busy at work or having a Pedigree Pet. Value Proposition / Positioning Product: The proposal is for Pet Tracker smart phone App that works with a micro chip which will be sold with a plain collar or can be installed on any existing collar. This chip will be installed in a way that it is not easily identifiable. If required it can also be implanted on to the pet, however, this method may not be acceptable to most pet lovers. The app will store all the information about the owner and the pet. Each pet will be allotted a unique identification number for updating all information in a user-friendly way, and tracking the location of the pet. We hope to please all pet lovers who are looking for a way to keep their pets safe and secure. See Appendix 2 [5] Collaboration: Our App will be based on GPS tracking system; we will collaborate with GPS service providers like Google maps for real- time tracking. Competition: Our product will have a comparative advantage over the others in the market as it will allow users to additionally track their pets. The existing collars in the market do not provide this facility. Real time tracking of pets will be the Unique selling Proposition for our product. [6] Price: Two pricing solutions will be offered; Identification For customers who only want to use the app and the Collar and do not need tracking, the app/Collar will be sold through Apple and Google play stores at a onetime nominal charge of $100. Tracking For customers who want both identification and tracking the app and the collar would be free but the customer would sign a contract for a monthly subscription of $7 or yearly subscription of $50 will be charged for tracking purposes.[7] Distribution We will offer our app and chip through the following channels; Pet supplies stores Pet grooming boutiques Vets and animal shelters Online through our website Media Based sales,, e.g. Facebook, twitter (for wide coverage) We will use various methods to determine demand through a survey of buyers intentions, past sales analysis and market-test method. Promotion Since we are providing a new product in this market we will aggressively promote our product through, print and other media, physical display at vantage points, and live demonstrations at pet stores etc. Appendix -1 Customer Motivation (Jobs Pains and Gains) Job to be done 1: Provide safety and security for Pets 2: Provides Tracking Facility and identification 3: Storage of all information about the pet and owner. Pains Have to spend lot of time and money to look for lost pet Difficult to prove the identity when pet is recovered at Kennel Cant keep a track of my pet when left with a pet sitter. Gains Gives pet owners a peace of mind that their pet is safe and secure Helps one focus on other things rather the pet during vacations or when at work Easy to track and identify the pet when it found at the local kennel or animal shelter. Proposal We plan to introduce a GPS enabled collar called Pet Tracker which is designed specifically to track and protect a pet from getting lost. Pet Tracker is an innovative creation keeping the specific requirements of the pet owners in India and will be very useful for this class of pet owners. Pet Tracker will cater to all breeds of pets and will be available in multiple collar sizes and designs. Appendix -2 Customer Behavior Motivation Safety and security of the Pet and an assurance that the pet can be tracked real time, is the main motivation for a pet owner to go in for this product. The pet owners can concentrate on other important issues without worrying about the safety of their pets. Consideration -Threats In India there are Apps that provide a collar for the identification part of our product, but do not provide for the Tracking. If our Tracking Maps are not precise and efficient, we may not be able to get customers to sign up for longer periods. We will also have to constantly up grade and fine tune our product to compete with the new entrants in the market. New and innovative schemes will be implemented to keep our loyal customer base. Our product will have to have an edge always over the other similar products in the market. The market threats will have to be timely identified and intelligently overcome. Our main focus would be on delivering quality and customer service so that we are able to make a brand image in the market. We have to convince the Pet Store owners via the word of mouth effect where customers start demanding our product and then the pet stores will be eager to put our Collar in their Shelves. Evaluation As there are no products currently in the market which provide tracking of pets, the challenge therefore, will be to position our product ably on the attributes which show how it can provide value addition over the existing products. The key Attribute and emphasis will be on the tracking information. Appendix -3 Actions Controls Action The decision to purchase our product would be entirely based on the individual pet owners. Not all pet owners would be interested in our product. Some may just by the Collar and the Chip for identification purposes and others may buy a collar with tracking facility. Controls We will measure marketing performance to increase efficiency of our resource allocations. As marketing costs account for a large portion of the total operating budget, setting up methods to evaluate and measure these marketing efforts will be a proper use of the businesss budget. The outcome of these measures will benefit us in the long run by becoming more profitable with increased sales and decrease in expenses and costs. The goal will be to sell enough units by projecting sales targets (monthly, quarterly and annually) to achieve a break-even point during the first year. A large portion of the budget for advertising will be allocated during the first year of business, to ensure product survival and prepare for the possible increased competition in the following years. Continued product improvement and RD will be another important factor kept in mind. Appendix 4 Break Even: analysis Manufacturing Cost The cost of producing a pet tracker collar (includes the chip) is anticipated to be $35 ($1= INR70) taking into account all expenses on material, research, administrative costs. Variable Costs (VC) $15 (Promotion, Distribution etc.) Cost of production (FC) 5000* 35 = $175, 0000 Overhead (staff, server, rent) = $40,000 a year Sales Price for the Collar and Chip (P) = $100 Estimated breakeven= FC / (P-VC) = $215000/ ($100-$15) = 2550 Customers approx. This shows that we will break even if we have at least 2550 customers against the estimated 5000. Revenue GPS Tracking = 1000*$50 = $50000 a year The revenue is based on our ability to get 1000 customer to sign up for tracking service in the first year. This number will grow in the following years. Appendix -5 Penetration = Market size 1: Its going to a small market = around 1% of the total customer base. 2: There is no age group that we can specifically target. Pet owners of multiple age groups would use our product. 3: There are some Apps already available in the market, however, these are only for identification and none of them offers a solution for tracking. 4: We will continue to update our product and bring in new features to achieve and retain a number one position in the market. [1] Please See Appendix 1 for Proposal [2]http://www.euromonitor.com/pet-care-in-india/report [3] http://www.iiptf.com/aboutus.php?page=About_Fair http://www.petfoodindustry.com/articles/3180-indian-pet-care-market-to-reach-us-144-8-million-by-2015 [4] Please see threats to our product in appendix 2 [5] Please see Appendix 2 for Customer MotivationÂÂ   and Threats to our Product [6] Please see Appendix 3 for Controls [7] Please see Break Even analysis

Peacekeeper, Shepherd, Saviour Essay

Paul Rusesabagina is credited with housing and protecting twelve-hundred, sixty-eight refugees (both Hutu and Tutsi) during the Rwandan genocide, but he did not begin as an ordinary man. He was merely a hotel manager who saw something going terribly wrong and decided to do everything in his power to protect anyone he could. We know that all those refugees were saved solely by Paul Rusesabagina during the peak of the massacre in Rwanda, but how many lives did he save indirectly by his actions? Was the conflict in Rwanda (and the peace that followed) directly affected by the actions that Paul Rusesabagina took to ensure the safety of his family, friends, and the people in general? What role did Paul Rusesabagina play in the conflict and subsequent settlement of the Hutu/Tutsi conflict in Rwanda? I believe that he played three very separate and yet equally important roles: that if the peacekeeper, the shepherd, and the saviour. Paul Rusesabagina has titled his autobiography â€Å"An Ordinary Man,† but he was truly anything but. He was born to a Hutu father and a Tutsi mother on July 15, 1954, and was a middle child in the midst of eight other children. Not only was he a well-educated boy, but he also was fluently bilingual in English and French by the age of 13. He adopted the role of a protector early in life when his family sheltered refugees during the initial stages of the conflict in the late 1950s and 1960s. He originally married a woman named Esther whom he fathered three children, and he aspired to become a minister of the Seventh Day Adventist church, but his seminary plans fell through in favour of entering the hospitality business and his marriage shortly followed. Six years after Paul’s divorce from Esther, he met Tatiana and although she was Tutsi he was no stranger to mixed-race marriage having been raised in one himself. In 1992 Paul Rusesabagina was given the title of assistant general manager at the Diplomats Hotel owned by the Belgian Sabena conglomerate (Rusesabagina). In order to understand what role Paul Rusesabagina truly plays in the Rwandan conflict, we first need to get a better understanding of the conflict itself. Rwanda was acquired by the Belgium after World War I and due mainly to the already skewed balance of power and other aesthetic considerations (Tutsi people had lighter skin, slimmer noses, and generally more Caucasian features which were desirable by the Belgians) the Tutsis were able to maintain the upper hand in the balance of power. The Tutsi ruled while the Hutu were considered the peasant or working-class. In 1959 the Hutu revolution overthrew the Tutsi rule and in the early 1960s the Tutsi fled Rwanda for outlying areas. Many Tutsi fled to Uganda where in 1985 the Rwandan Patriotic Front (a Tutsi rights movement) was formed. All throughout the 80s and 90s, massacres continued with little press in the western world due mostly to the false opinion that the Tutsi/Hutu conflict was essentially a â€Å"cold† war with few or no casualties. In 1993 the Arusha Accords were signed between the RPF and the Rwandan authorities, bringing a promise of peace between the few tribes as UNAMIR (United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda) was formed. However, shortly after came the assassination of Melchior Ndadaye, the first Hutu president elected in Burundi, which led the Hutus to believe that the Tutsis were trying to regain control of the region. The Hutus lashed out with more violence against the Tutsis. Rwandan Hutu President Juvenal Habyarimana’s plane was shot down in retaliation on April 6, 1994 with several other Hutu government officials on board. Several other government figures were systematically assassinated that day marking the official beginning of this era’s Rwandan genocide. (Fujii) So where did Paul Rusesabagina, his family, and his hotel fit in to all this senseless violence? When the body count began to rise, Paul hid his family and neighbors inside the Hotel des Mille Collines and disguised them as quests and staff. He began his journey from ordinary to extraordinary as a shepherd; leading his flock to safety (the Tutsi/Hutu refugees staying in the hotel) and protecting them from the wolves that were waiting outside with rifles and machetes. Every civil rights movement is started by a â€Å"shepherd. † Moses parted the sea for the Jews when his people were being oppressed, Martin Luther King Jr. led the African-Americans to freedom from racial discrimination. Millicent Fawcett marched women everywhere towards the right vote. Paul Rusesabagina makes a phone call to Sabena and secures a letter appointing him acting general manager of Hotel des Mille Collines making it possible for him to use his position to shelter more refugees, and also to use the hotel’s local resources to bribe Rwandan soldiers with money and alcohol in exchange for the lives of the refugees. Paul Rusesabagina guided all the refugees he could into the hotel so they could feel hope and find strength in each other. But guiding the flock to safety was a challenge. At several junctures during the movie where he (being Hutu himself) must face the choice whether or not speak out against an injustice, or to carefully go along with the wishes of his oppressors for the greater, later good of his cause. At this point he is starting to take on the role of a peacekeeper. The blue berets sent by the UN to war-torn parts of the world are unfortunately ineffective at subduing many civil conflicts because of the nature of politics. When the United Nations’ peacekeepers failed, Rusesabagina took matters into his own hands and not only bargained for the lives of his people, but inspired in his people a will to live. He encourages his guests to phone anyone they know â€Å"of influence† that they can tell of the horrors they are enduring†¦that those horrors are real, and that no one is intervening. He asks his people to send out the word that becomes their SOS signal and starts to allow for the return of the peacekeeping forces and the (unfortunately slow) evacuation of refugees from the affected area. Ronald Reagan is quoted as saying, â€Å"peace is not the absence of conflict, it is the ability to handle conflict by peaceful means† and this ability to handle conflict without majour aggravation or injury is exactly the skill that Rusesabagina possesses and utilizes well throughout the entire movie. Without his ability to diffuse stressful situations, the death toll of the Rwanda genocides would more than certainly be higher. In several points during Hotel Rwanda, Paul Rusesabagina takes on the role of the Saviour, by not only housing the Hutu/Tutsi refugees, but also by inspiring them to fight for their lives by any peaceful means necessary. He puts himself aside, overwhelmed by emotion and empathy, to save several other people from death. Paul Rusesabagina spared the lives of nearly thirteen-hundred people from the reality of an unspeakable massacre that no one would pay attention to. He consistently puts his peers before himself and sees them as just that: people. Scared people who need someone to help them, to show them courage, and motivate them towards hope for a better tomorrow. Paul Rusesabagina did not draw a line between his Tutsi refugees and his Hutu refugees, he only asked that they do their part, respect him and each other, and not compromise the security of others in the hotel (George). Because Paul Rusesabagina helped his people by doing everything he could, including risking his own life, he can be seen as a saviour. As a final thought, I would like you, the reader, to sit in silence for a moment and think of the millions of bodies that were scattered across the roads and riverbanks in Africa on that day not even two decades ago. Think about all those corpses and realize that those charred and bloodied bodies might have family somewhere still wondering if their loved one might have escaped the carnage. There are still families out there missing their sons and daughters, their aunts and uncles, their mothers and fathers. The family members of those bland statistics you cannot bear to read for the dryness could be a thousand miles away, or they could be the new Canadian standing beside you in the grocery store. Sit and think about how much love you were given, be thankful for the things and the people that you have around you. Be thankful that you live in a peaceful country where your life is not endangered by simply stepping out the door to make a grocery run. Show to the world that you are grateful for what you have, but stand up and be willing to lose it all in the interest of doing the right thing. Be ready at any moment to protect your rights and those around you who cannot protect themselves. Sometimes all it takes is one person. For the Hutu/Tutsi refugees in Rwanda on those days, they had Paul Rusesabagina there being the peacemaker, the shepherd, and the saviour.

Comparison of Matilda Cook in Fever 1793 Essay

Mattie’s Life and Changes In Fever 1793, by Laurie Halse Anderson, sixteen year old Matilda (or Mattie) Cook changes dramatically over the course of the book. In the beginning, she is portrayed to be a young selfish girl who was always too lazy to work. By the end of the book, she is shown to be a strong young woman. Her family of three consisting of her grandfather, mother, and herself runs a small coffee shop. Her family usually works relentlessly before, during, and after the shop’s hours. Their kind slave, Eliza, works just as relentlessly around the kitchens. Mattie herself has the easy job as a waitress and usually works much less than her family and slave. Even so, she never puts her heart into her work. This demonstrates how foolish and selfish she is; but just in a few weeks her world will change epically for herself and everyone around her. The yellow fever hits Philadelphia with venom and mercilessly takes away numerous lives. Unfortunately, the disease finds its way to Lucille Cook, Mattie’s mother. Mattie is forced to run away with her grandfather in order to prevent herself and her grandfather from catching it. They try to find their way to a friend’s farm, but her grandfather catches the fever along the way. In desperation, Mattie picks berries and fetches water so that she and her weak grandfather can survive until help comes. In this chapter of her life, Mattie is slowly improving on her attitude and personality. She soon gets help for her grandfather from a hospital nearby. He starts feeling better, but then she herself catches the fever. Mattie is fed and cared for the same way as her grandfather. He soon recovers and takes care of Mattie. She in time gets better and decides with her grandfather that it is time to head home. When the travelling pair reaches Philadelphia, they find objects carelessly strewn across the paths. Houses are desolate and empty; bodies pile up in the graveyard. Their own coffee house is in ruins and Mattie’s mother is not to be found. Mattie and her grandfather try to strive as long as they can. During that time, Mattie hauls in water from the well, picks and chooses in their rotten garden, and uses what is not stolen in the kitchen  for the rest of their meals. They are doing alright for the first few nights, but a few nights later, a robbery occurs that takes Mattie’s grandfather’s life away. In grief, she allows the cart for the dead to take him to the graveyard and follows it to the graveyard. There she mourns for the dead who were taken by the fever, or less commonly from robberies that took Mattie’s grandfather away. In desperation, Mattie proceeds to find Eliza. Along the way, she comes across a young orphan named Nell and brings her along. Mattie soon finds herself living with Eliza, a pair of twins, Nell, and Joseph. She works in the day and late into the night feeding the needy; until the fever takes a toll on Nell and the twins. The house is too crowded for sick individuals, so Eliza and Mattie move the children along with themselves to the coffee shop for recovery. They care for the children as best to their abilities and hope that that the ill children will last until winter when the frost could chase the fever away. Fever 1793 is a wonderful book about a young foolish girl turning into a mature and hardworking young lady. Through the course of this book, Mattie demonstrates how she can change from a selfish immature girl into a selfless, hardworking, and mature lady.

The First Crusade And The Crusade - 1192 Words

The first crusade started in autumn of 1095. Pope Urban II initiated the first crusade by calling upon his Christians to reclaim the city of Jerusalem. The Crusade was also meant to seek revenge on the followers of Islam. The followers were accused of committing crimes against â€Å"Christendom†. Pope Urbans crusade was made possible by the work of St. Augustine on Christian Violence in the past. Many Christians joined the crusade because the Pope promised rewards for the afterlife. After the fourth century, Christianity underwent a transformation when it fused with the Roman state for which warfare was essential. St. Augustine and Pope Urban enabled violence to be an option for Christians and it can be described in this quote, â€Å"For the first time in Christian history, violence was defined as a religious act, a source of grace.† After the Pope’s Christian tour, many Christians were ready to destroy everything that stood in their way. After the Pope called the Christians to battle, the First Crusade started in the spring of 1096 in Northwestern Europe. The first attack was not against the Muslims, but against the Jews. Anti-Semitism had existed in Europe already, but the First Crusade was considered the first mass violence against the Jews. The Crusaders were convinced that the Jews were partaking in the murdering of Jesus in Jerusalem. Pope Urban called for the lords and knights who formed society’s military elites. Pope Urban was a good communicator, but what he said was aShow MoreRelatedThe First Crusade And The Crusade1582 Words   |  7 Pagesdeciding the course of history in medieval Europe, one of the most influential events was the First Crusade. The events that occurred set in motion a fundamental change in European society, religion, and politics, and the ramifications have been thoroughly examined. 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